Recycling of plastic waste in to construction material

Contents

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Background
1.3. Problem statement
1.4. Research Objectives
1.4.1. General objective
1.4.2. Specific objective
1.5. Scope of this project
1.6. Research motivation

CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Related Literature Review
2.2.1. Using Waste Plastic as Construction Material
2.2.2. Using Broken Glasses as Construction Material

CHAPTER THREE
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Materials Used
3.1.1. Waste Plastic
3.1.2. Waste Glasses
3.1.3. River Sand
3.2. Material collection and preparations
3.2.1. Preparation of plastic
3.2.2. Preparation of Glasses
3.2.2.1. Laboratory test of Particle Size Distribution of aggregates - (BS-882:1992)
3.2.2.2. Fine glasses as fine aggregates
3.2.3. Preparation of sand
3.3. Control Mix Design
3.3.1. Trial mix design of Plastic block
3.3.2. Trial mix design of Plastic roof tile
3.3.3. Trial mix design of Plastic roof tile
3.4. Equipment Used
3.4.1. Moulds
3.4.2. Laboratory Apparatus
3.4.3. Local available material used as substituent
3.5. The overall working procedure
3.5.1. Hollow Plastic Block (HPB)
3.5.1.1. Melting process
3.5.1.2. Mixing stage of plastic and aggregate
3.5.1.3. Moulding and production of hollow plastic block
3.5.1.4. Quality test of the product
3.5.2. Plastic roof tile
3.5.2.1. Melting process
3.5.2.2. Mixing stage of fine glass and sand with molten plastic
3.5.2.3. Moulding and production of roof tile
3.5.2.4. Quality test of roof tiles
3.5.3. Plastic floor tiles
3.5.3.1. Melting process
3.5.3.2. Mixing stage of glass, sand and molten plastic
3.5.3.3. Moulding and production of floor tile
3.5.3.4. Quality test of the product

CHAPTER FOUR
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Quality test result for hollow plastic block
4.2. Quality test result for roof tiles
4.3. Quality tests of floor tiles

CHAPTER SIX
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1. Conclusion
5.1.1. Hollow plastic block
5.1.2. Plastic roof tile
5.1.3. Plastic floor tile
5.2. Recommendation
5.3. Further study

Reference

Appendix A

DECLARATION

We declare that this BSc thesis is our original work performed under the supervision of our advisor Mr. Yirgalem Damtew and has not been presented by others. All sources of material used for this thesis has also been duly acknowledged

Prepared by:

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Date: June,

DEDICATION

We dedicate this research work to the Almighty God who has brought us this far. To our parents who continually gave to us love, moral and financial support to undertake our studies. You have indeed helped us come this far. God bless you

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To the Almighty God for His strength, provision and protection during this project period. Special thanks to our Advisor Mr. Yirgalem, for the guidance, support and advice. His comments and suggestions during the preparation of this thesis are gratefully acknowledged. Further appreciation goes to the Civil engineering department chairpersons Mr. Nigatu and Mr. Fekremariam, also Civil and Mechanical engineering laboratory technicians, Mr. Million, Mis. Misa , Mr. Kalabe and Solomon among others for guidance and assistance during the laboratory work period of this BSc thesis. Lastly, we would like to appreciate our family for their continuous prayers during the whole period of our study. To all we say thank you and may God bless you

ABSTRACT

As natural aggregate sources are becoming depleted due to high demand in construction industry and the amount of disposed waste material keeps increasing, researchers are exploring the use of alternative materials which good preserve natural resources and save the environment. In this study, utilization of plastic waste and broken glasses as a construction material for the production of building construction input such as roof tile, floor tile and hollow plastic block is a partial solution to environmental and ecological problems. Quality control test of samples of prepared material are conducted and compared with the standard material specification This study implies that for hallow plastic block, 33% plastic, 11.17% fine glass, 11.17% fine sand and 44.6% glass gives an optimum compressive result and plastic waste with a ratio of 30% plastic waste. Using plastic waste with a ratio of 30% plastic waste and 70% glass and sand gives better and quality roof tile, and 32% plastic and 68% glass and sand is preferable for light traffic zone (axle load less than 27Mpa) floor tile. Finally, conclude that using plastic tile in weather (wet) environment is preferable because it can resist cold and freeze weather due to low water absorption

List of figure

Figure 1.1-Waste of plastic in Addis Ababa koshe

Figure 3.1-Collected waste plastic bottles

Figure 3.2-Collected broken window and door glass

Figure 3.3-Stockpile river sand

Figure 3.4-Collection of plastics

Figure 3.5-Waste plastic sorting based on their properties

Figure 3.6-Manual glass chipping

Figure 3.7-Silt content test

Figure 3.8-Mechanismof removing silt from sand by washing

Figure 3.9-Sieve analysis fir natural sand

Figure 3.10-Gradation Curve for each trial Vs. Specification requirement

Figure3.11-Gradation Curve for each trial Vs. Specification requirement

Figure 3.12-Gradation Curve for each trial Vs. Specification requirement

Figure 3.13-Different Shape Floor Tile Mould

Figure 3.14-Interlock Hollow plastic block mould

Figure 3.15-Roof tile mould

Figure3.16-laboratory equipment’s used

Figure 3.17-Fire drum

Figure 3.18-Wood fire

Figure 3.19-Spade

Figure 3.20-Plastic melting with wood fire

Figure 3.21-Adding of fine glass and sand in to molten plastic

Figure 3.22-Moulding and product arrangement of plastic blocks

Figure 3.23-Absopation test

Figure 3.24-Moulding and product of roof tile

Figure 3.25-Mouldig and product arrangement of floor tile

Figure3.26-Tile compression strength test

Figure 3.27-Temperature effect test using oven

Figure 3.28- Absorption test for floor tile

Figure 4.1-compressive strength result for different plastic proportion of HPB

Figure 4.2-water absorption result for different plastic proportion of HPB

Figure 4.3-Density of HPB result for different plastic content

Figure 4.4-Temperature effect test result for different plastic content of HPB

Figure 4.5-breaking strength for different plastic content of plastic roof tile

Figure 4.6- Temperature effect test result for different plastic content of plastic roof tile

Figure 4.7-water absorption test result for different plastic content of plastic roof tile

Figure 4.8- compressive strength result for different plastic proportion tiles

Figure 4.9-water absorption result for different plastic content of plastic floor tile

Figure 4.10-Temperature effect result for different plastic content of plastic floor tile

List of tables

Table 3.1-Collected waste plastic bottles

Table 3.2-composition of glass

Table 3.3-physical properties of sand

Table 3.4-Properties of fine river sand

Table 3.5-Mix ratio proportion by weight

Table 3.6-Particle size distribution for each trial

Table 3.7-Trial mix proportion of plasic block

Table 3.8-Particle size distribution for each trial

Table 3.9-Trial mix proportion for plastic roof tile

Table 3.10-Particle size distribution for each trial

Table 3.11-Trial mix proportion for plastic floor tile

Table 4.1-Testing application standard (TAS) no. 112-95 standard requirements for concrete roof tiles

Table 4.2-Testing application standard (TAS) no. 112-95 standard requirements for concrete roof tiles

Notation

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CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Introduction

Plastic is a relatively cheap, durable and versatile material. These properties have led to the creation of many thousands of products, which have brought benefits to society in terms of economic activity, jobs and quality of life. Plastics can even in many circumstances help reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, especially when compared with the alternatives, but sometimes independently such as in the cases of insulation and applications in wind and solar photovoltaic power generation. [1]. However, plastic waste can also impose negative externalities such as greenhouse gas emissions or ecological damage. It is usually non- biodegradable and therefore can remain as waste in the environment for a very long time; it may pose risks to human health and the environment; in some cases, it can be difficult to reuse and/or recycle. However; Management of waste in the world has been improving in terms of recycling and energy recovery, but there is still much to be done. [2]. In order to contribute our owns for our country Ethiopia and also the rest of the world we are going to change waste plastic and glasses into construction materials like ;

- From waste plastic and glass production of Floor tile as substitution of concrete, terrazzo and marble tiles.
- From waste plastic and glass production of Roof tile as substitution of common roof tiles.
- From waste plastic and glass production of Hollow Plastic Block (HPB) as substitution of Hollow Concrete Block (HCB).

1.2. Background

In Ethiopia, most industrial and domestic activities are associated with significant amounts of non-biodegradable solid waste, which include a wide range of plastic and glass waste. The research studies to be undertaken intended to determine the efficiency of reusing waste plastic in production of floor tile, roof tiles and hollow block plastic. Utilization of these waste materials is a partial solution to environmental and ecological Problems. Use of plastic and glass not only helps in getting them utilized in such types of material, it helps in reducing the cost of concrete making, numerous indirect benefits such as reduction landfill cost, saving energy, and protecting the environment from possible pollution effects.

At a time when landfill space is becoming almost impossible due to increasing land value, then recycling and reuse of wastes as beneficial products should be strongly encouraged and examined. One potentially strong and viable market is to develop recyclable wastes into construction material, a common material used throughout the construction industry. The reuse of waste materials in building construction is a great idea, and the high demand for construction materials makes them a favorable medium in which to reuse recyclable materials.

Aggregates are used in a variety of building applications, and can be said to be the largest quantity of material used in any industry. Almost all aggregates are produced from natural resources such as gravel pits, river beds and rock quarries. In addition to depleting these natural resources, mining for aggregates also poses serious environmental risks like disturbance of natural habitats and creating open areas with no vegetation.

In Ethiopia, there is a great strain placed on the environment at the moment, specifically by waste plastic. A very small percentage of it is recycled, probably due to lack of investment or a low demand for recycled plastic waste. As a result, most of it usually ends up dumped in landfills, or just burned. The effect of such actions on the environment is degrading, at a time when the world is focusing its efforts on tackling pollution and environmental issues such as global warming.

1.3. Problem statement

In developing country like Ethiopia, solid waste management is among the primary essential services provided by municipal authorities in the country to keep urban centers clean. However, it is among the most poorly rendered services in Ethiopia.

Municipal Metropolitan and District Assemblies thus as have contracted sanitation companies either in group or singles, and other agencies to clean the environment of the various waste generated from human activities. Despite the efforts of these contracted sanitation companies, solid waste management problem is prevalent everywhere in Ethiopia.

Polymer wastes take years to degrade in the natural environment. The slow degradation properties of waste polymer materials cause environmental and ecological problems such as: The burning of waste plastic release toxic gas into the atmosphere, breeding sites for mosquitoes and causes floods. Therefore, there is the need for an efficient and reliable method for solid waste management in Ethiopian. A developing country like Ethiopian is currently experiencing rapid urbanization and industrialization and as a result a lot of infrastructure developments are going on. These developments come with problems such as shortage of construction materials, high cost of building due to shortage of cement and other construction materials. Several studies have been carried out in countries like Egypt, India, Australia, and U.S.A where waste plastics have been converted to other products. Ethiopia is yet to document a work done on the reuse of plastics into gasoil in the place of “koshe” Addis Ababa . This study defines the potentials and benefits in using of plastic waste like binding agent (replacement of cement) to produce a more flexible and durable HPB, floor tile and roof tile and at the same time being an alternative way to recycle the plastic waste.

Figure 1.1- plastic waste in Addis Ababa, koshe - for copyright reasos not part of this publication

In this study, using of plastics waste and broken glass as a complement of cement in the manufacturing of blocks, floor tiles and roof tiles which can help solve the above problems is to be investigate.

1.4. Research Objectives

1.4.1. General objective

To produce floor tiles, roof tiles and hollow plastic block (HPB) using waste plastic and broken glass as a complement of cement and aggregate respectively.

1.4.2. Specific objective

- To identify plastic waste and broken glass which are suitable for our project or not.
- To prepare various proportions of polymer modified blocks and tile using recycled PET for each material.
- To manufacture environmental friend hollow plastic block, floor tile and roof tile.
- Make quality control test of samples of prepared material and comparing with the standard material specification.

1.5. Scope of this project

This study mainly focus on the feasibility of solid wastes like plastic and glasses as a process to incorporate Aggregate and cement into roof tiles, floor tiles and hollow plastic block. Thus, the scope will be directly include, mix design, preparation of appropriate mould, production with different proportion and conduct quality testes. Mix design and mould type will be consider the types of material means those are differ from one to the other, and the composition in terms of an estimate of what will be required for the final roof tiles, floor tiles and hollow plastic block (HPC).

1.6. Research motivation

The reasons behind the selection of this research topic:

- Aggregate resources are vital to our way of life because they are the major raw materials used in construction of roads, rail lines, bridges, hospitals, schools, airports, factories, and homes, but the mining and processing of natural resources such as aggregate commonly raises concerns about potential environmental impacts. Due to this reason recycling non- biodegradable material into construction material used to reduce the consumption of aggregate in the construction industry.
- Like any product, plastic and glass materials have impacts on earth’s global warming and environment. Gas emissions can be very different according to the plastic material produced, leading to very different impact on earth’s global warming and environment. Due to this reason recycling plastics and glasses are high contribution for the reduction of global warming.
- As Ethiopian solid waste management proclamation No. 513/2007. Specially, ways of waste plastic disposal and controlling mechanism is out of recycling this means that it may minimize the interest of investors who use plastic thickness 0.03mm and less than 0.03mm for packaging and labeling their product. Because the proclamation limits thickness and type of plastic that is imported or produced in Ethiopia.

CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Introduction

Concrete is defined as a mixture of cement, water and aggregates in which the cement and water combine to act as a binder to hold the aggregate particles together into a plastic mixture. But in our context concrete is defined as a mixture of plastic, sand and broken glass in which the plastic to act as a binder. The mixture of water and cement results in a chemical exothermic reaction called hydration as concrete changes from plastic to a solid state, in a process called curing. It has been observed that concrete continues to gain strength as it cures.

2.2. Related Literature Review

Products used for construction and public engineering works, such as tiles, bricks and blocks, are made from various natural resources such as clay, sand and gravel. As these natural resources are consumed, the natural environment is inevitably affected, with increasing severity each year. As for the increasing volume of waste, control of waste disposal shall be given top priority, while, on the other hand, recycling of waste effectively as raw material has become more important. In particular, recycling of waste such as abandoned materials from buildings, ashes from waste incineration plants and sludge from waterworks and sewers, has become an urgent task. Therefore, products which use recycled materials from the above-mentioned waste for tiles, bricks and blocks, using natural resources as little as possible, could contribute significantly to conservation of the environment in terms of both reducing waste and protection of nature.[3]

2.2.1. Using Waste Plastic as Construction Material

Bottle Bricks are a simple and accessible technology that can transform everyday plastic materials into a useful building material - plastic bottles stuffed full of trash until they are as compact as bricks. Bottle Bricks are known widely as “Eco-Bricks” or “Eco-Ladrillos” in Spanish and have also been called “Portable Landfill Devices.” Bottle Bricks have been used to build houses, school buildings, and other structures for well over a decade in Latin America and they are now increasingly being used around the world as a viable way to clean up the environment; prevent plastic pollution; and create a much needed building material.

The process is incredibly simple - collect dry inorganic waste material (plastic bags, plastic wrappers, twist ties, etc.) and stuff it into a clean plastic bottle with a wooden stick or spoon. The more you stuff, the more plastic you will divert from the landfill or clean up out of the environment, and the stronger your bottle brick will be![4].

Recycling plastics is a difficult, energy intensive process, and yields a product that is inferior to the virgin material. The researcher has researched the possibility of using granulated, postconsumer waste plastics as the aggregate in concrete. In this application, unlike plastics can be universally mixed with no adverse effects, heat driven re-amalgamation is not required, and my early test results show the resulting product is as strong as conventional concrete mixes (between 3000 and 5000psi.) As a result of using plastic rather than conventional aggregate, the mining of new material to serve as aggregate is not necessary[5].

Plastic bottles (PET) are examined both structurally and thermally to be utilized as building units, replacing traditional concrete blocks. Tests were conducted after filling the bottles with either dry sand, saturated sand, or air, bound by cement mortar to produce stable masonry walls of reduced thermal conductivity. The effect of the infill material on the bulk unit weight and the compressive strength of the plastic bottle masonry blocks showed slight effect of the used infill material on the strength. Although the gross strength of these plastic bottles is much less than the traditional blocks, 670 kN/m2 compared to 3670 kN/m2, but calculations showed that the blocks of air filled bottles still can be used as suitable construction units for partition walls or as bearing walls for one roof slab. Thermal wise, air filled bottles showed better thermal insulation than the tradition block construction, which could act as thermal insulation material[6].

Uses waste plastics and converts them into building materials with the help of an extruder, thereby reducing the plastic waste which is a key factor for environmental pollution. Presently waste plastics are effectively converted into useful building materials like bricks, interlocks, roof tiles, railway sleepers, paving slabs, retaining blocks etc. using either single origin plastic waste material or a mixture of different plastic wastes along with waste rubber powder as filler. After conducting several trials with the variety of plastic wastes processed into composite brick, it was observed that the maximum compressive load sustained by the Polypropylene/Rubber composite brick is 17.05 tons followed by LDPE/Rubber composite brick with 16.55 tons which is much higher than the clay brick which sustained only 9.03 tons[7].

Its makers claim it is resistant to oils, acid, salts and alkalis. It is 30 per cent lighter than concrete, does not expand too much in the heat, insulates against heat and cold, is flame-resistant, water- resistant and recyclable and can be drilled and sawn through, welded and glued. And as it is mainly made up of sand, it is cheap - half the price of concrete - and easy to make in the UAE [8]. Plasto Crete blocks having good compressive strength, water absorption capacity & weight. The permeability and shrinkage also reduced helps for plastic waste management by using the plastic in construction industry helps for plastic waste management. Result shows that the strength carrying capacity is approximate equal to 15.3 kg/cm2. By using 23.40% of plastic can achieve good factor of safety and strength. Overall plasto Crete block having similar properties like other construction block by using plastic in it [9].

The reduced slump values of waste plastic concrete mixes show that it can be used only in situations that required low-degree workability. Such situations are numerous in civil engineering applications, namely, precast bricks, partition wall panels, canal linings, and so forth. However, the workability increases by about 10 to 15% when super plasticizer is added to the waste plastic mix concrete. The comprehensive strength decreases with increasing waste plastic ratios at all curing ages. This may be attributed to the decrease in the adhesive strength between the waste plastic and the cement paste. It seems that the bonding between the plastic particles and the cement paste is weak. Further, the compressive strength increases by about 5% after addition of super plasticizer to the mix. With increasing amount of waste plastic, the rate of reduction in strength gets flatter and the maximum reduction is only about 15% for all grades of concrete. Flexural strength of waste plastic mix concrete decreases with the increase in percentage of plastic waste. It was observed that the effect of plasticizer on flexural strength of concrete is irrelevant [10].

Laboratory trials were conducted to compare and investigate the effect of using three particle size of crumb rubber (1 - 3 mm), (3 - 5 mm) and combination of both. A series of tests were carried out to determine the properties of the blocks prepared with and without crumb rubber. The dry density, compressive strength and skid resistance were measured for laboratory prepared samples.

1. Compressive strength of concrete paving block is affected differently depending on the size and content of crumb rubber. Preliminary test results indicated that the compressive strength of three mix crumb size crumb rubber mixture: (a)1 - 3 mm, (b) 3 - 5 mm and (c) 1 - 5 mm were comparable at 3 and 7-day. Comparing the 28-day compressive strength, (c) 1 - 5 mm seemed to perform better.
2. For the effect of crumb rubber content, the test results shown that there was a systematic reduction in the compressive and dry density with the increase in rubber content from 0% to 30 %.
3. Concrete paving block containing rubber particles seem to provide better skid resistance.
4. It is possible to fabricate block containing rubber up to 30 % by sand volume using chemical and mineral admixtures, which gives better bonding characteristics to rubber and significantly improves the performance of crumb rubber concrete paving block [11].

The adverse effect associated with the surge in uses of non-biodegradable plastic products include the blockage of drains, suffocating some animal life, who accidentally take them as food, grounds impermeable to water and several other hazards. The need then arises to finding a safe means converting these plastic waste products into other useful and harmless items. The method adopted involves the collection of the plastic materials from trenches, drainages, streets, dump sites and from eateries around Ogbomoso metropolis. These were sorted and washed before the Shredding Process was carried. Melting of the Shredded Plastics and poured into a dimensioned wooden mold and Cured for some days. It could be shown from the crushing test that the conventional tiles fail under slight heavier loads of 34 kN as comparable to the 29 kN failure load of the composite tiles. However the water absorption test has no effect on both the conventional and the composite tiles respectively. Furthermore, the flammability test carried out on the conventional tiles shows a slight change as compared to the composite tiles which split under the effect of flame. Moreover the composite tiles recorded a higher value than that of the conventional tiles. The tests show that the composite floor tiles are cheaper, durable, and affordable as compared to the ceramic tile. Hence, the performances of the composite floor tiles though are a little less than that of the commercial ceramic floor tiles yet appear a reasonably good substitute at more reasonable rate [12].

Manufacturing paving stones from plastic waste is characterized by the fact that it does not require a high investment and it primarily uses plastic packaging, namely bags and transparent films made of PP and PE. It is also possible to associate other types of plastic waste, with low proportions, in the mixture. It is similar to that of concrete sand (mixture of sand and cement). Molten plastic is used as binder instead of cement. It is mixed with sand particles, the size of which is selected in specific proportions, depending on the desired use for the finished product (pedestrian pavement or paving roads) Making Pavement bricks from plastic waste [13]

Plastic waste as a binding material instead of cement in the manufacturing of roofing tiles, the study bears on plastics with a polypropylene basis. Plastic waste is carried to melt and mixed with a varying proportion of sand (variation between 50 and 80% in weight). Five compositions of tiles characterized by their proportion in plastic waste of 0% (tiles in micro-concrete), 20, 30, 40 and 50% were studied. The measurements of physical and mechanical properties show that plastic waste tiles whose proportion in plastic is 40%, give better results than micro-concrete tiles (TP0). Those tiles have a porosity that is below 1% and are practically impervious even after breaking impact tests[14].

Research and development by the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) and Teel-Global Resource Technologies (Bara-boo, Wisconsin) have resulted in the creation of a molded composite roofing system made entirely from recycled natural fiber and recycled plastic. Studies of this composite roofing system have shown several advantages over existing manufactured roofing systems:

- Low cost: using recycled materials and a shorter molding time, these composite roof panels can be manufactured at a cost substantially less than that of clay, slate, or fiberglass roof tiles.
- Zero manufacturing waste and fully recyclable: Scrap from manufacture or from tiles that are trimmed during installation can be directly remolded into new roof tiles.
- Enhanced dimensional stability: Expansion and contraction due to temperature changes are significantly less than that of pure plastic roof tiles.
- Ease of use: Conventional woodworking tools can be used to trim the tiles during installation, and there is virtually no breakage.
- Labor savings: The composite roofing system is easy to install, and the panelized nature of the design speeds the process two-fold. Highly trained installers are not needed.
- Lighter weight: Composite panels are lighter in weight than clay or concrete tiles, resulting in reduced transportation costs and structural requirements for roof framing.

The results of this research project have verified the durability, installation, engineering, and performance of a low-cost, high-performance composite roofing system manufactured from recycled materials. Continued collection of field data will demonstrate the durability of this system in various environments and evaluate the overall acceptance of the product. Acceptance of composite building materials has the potential to open up large markets for recycled plastic and natural fiber materials[15].

Construction activities impact a lot on the environment throughout the life cycle of the project. It is seen that a pet bottle fully filled and compacted with sand achieves a much higher compressive strength than that of a brick. use of PET bottles in construction as the Eco-Bricks i.e., the PET bottles filled with sand, soil, fly-ash or any other material like household plastic waste when well compacted can be used as a building material replacing traditional bricks. The strength parameters of filled plastic bottles are on a higher end as compared to traditional bricks. The ecobricks are light in weight and possess same thermal properties as of traditional bricks. The ecobricks have high sound reduction index as compared to concrete blocks. Eco-bricks also do not permit light to pass through then as when seen by naked eyes. It is the most effective and economical way of using post consumed PET bottles[16].

Mechanical properties of the concrete depend on the PET particle size and its concentration. Lower sizes and concentrations of PET particle create less space in the concrete, and in consequence the compressive strength and the compression strain increase and Young’s modulus decreases when the size of PET particles used was increased. Whenever less PET size is used in the concrete mix, deformations tend to be lower but maximum stresses are increased in magnitude. The highest compressive strength was obtained for PET particle sizes of 0.5mm and 2.5% volume and cured for 28 days, while the highest strain values were detected for 1.5mm and 5.0% volume and cured for 7 days. On the other hand, in absolute terms, the highest Young’s modulus was obtained using 0.5mm PET at a 2.5% dose in the concrete mix. We can also conclude that PET size has an inverse relationship to the Young’s modulus obtained, which means as less PET size is used, Young’s Modulus increases[17].

Utilization of waste materials and byproducts is a partial solution to environmental and ecological problems. Use of these materials not only helps in getting them utilized in cement, concrete and other construction materials, it helps in reducing the cost of cement and concrete manufacturing, but also has numerous indirect benefits such as reduction in landfill cost, saving in energy, and protecting the environment from possible pollution effects. Electronic waste, abbreviated as E-waste, consists of discarded old computers, TVs, refrigerators, radios - basically any electrical or electronic appliance that has reached its end of life. Efforts have been made in the concrete industry to use non-biodegradable components of E waste as a partial replacement of the coarse or fine aggregates. An experimental study is made on the utilization of E-waste particles as coarse aggregates in concrete with a percentage replacement ranging from 0 % to 30% on the strength criteria of M20 Concrete. Compressive strength, Tensile strength and Flexural strength of Concrete with and without E-waste as aggregates was observed which exhibits a good strength gain[18].

Now-a-days plastic waste was become a major and serious problem and these are burnt for apparent disposal which causes environmental pollution. Utilization of these waste material like plastic bags in bituminous mixes to prove the enhance of properties of mix in addition to solving disposal problems. First, waste plastic like bottles, plastic glasses were used to cleaned and cut into pieces. These pieces were added to the hot bitumen and heated up to 160 degree centigrade. and also heating up the course aggregate up to 150 degree centigrade. And resultant mix was used in the flexible road construction. It also increases the road life and also as well as help in decrease of pollution to the environment. Plastic roads are very useful in the India climatic conditions of extreme heat and humid climate. By using of this type of plastic waste in the construction of pavement can increase the strength, durability etc. The methodology of using waste plastic in bituminous mix are done by using various tests on aggregates and bitumen [19]. Waste like plastic bottles, polymers, cups, waste tires can be re-used by powdering or blending it with crusher’s and can be coated over aggregate and bitumen by any heating process. In this study we have used polymer and crumbed rubber as a binder with respect to aggregate and bitumen. In bituminous roads, the researcher use materials like aggregate (of various sizes), grit and bitumen. The various tests are conducted during this study on aggregates such as crushing value, impact value, abrasion value, and specific gravity and also on bitumen penetration value, ductility, softening point. when 8% polymer and crumbed rubber is blended in the mix, the values of the Marshall tests viz.. Marshall Stability (kg), Flow (mm), Gmb (gm/cm3), AV (%), VMA (%), VFB (%) goes on increasing as compared to the conventional mix. This shows and proves that by adding certain amount of waste in the bitumen, it gains strength and thus becomes more durable and tough. Stone aggregate is coated with the molten waste plastics & rubber powders. The coating of plastics & rubber reduces the porosity, absorption of moisture and improves soundness. Hence the use of waste plastics & rubber tyres in the form of powder for flexible pavement material is one of the best methods for easy disposal of wastes. The use of polymer & crumbed rubber coated aggregate is better than the use of conventional aggregates in many respects [20].

Using major plastic waste such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Polypropylene (PP), Polyethylene to substitute the sand in concrete to tackle the ill-effects of sand extraction and the problems related to disposal of plastic waste. In addition, Aluminum powder is used to minimize the weight of concrete and plastic itself is lighter than sand which results in lightweight concrete. Overall using these ingredients to replace sand will give new dimension in concrete mix design and if applied universally would transform the construction, by reducing the cost and enable us to conserve natural resources. In Concrete, Natural sand can be replaced with plastic waste by 10 to 20% to achieve green concrete. Sand can also be replaced up to 30% in the members of building which do not carry high load. Using plastic waste such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Polypropylene (PP), Polyethylene in concrete reduces the environmental issues and minimizes the difficulties of dumping the major plastic waste. This will help to tackle the increasing pollution all over the world, especially in countries that face the complications regarding waste. In addition to the environmental benefits, it was noted that using plastic scrap can be used to fight against the obstacle of scarcity of natural sand in India. Also it was perceived that using aluminum powder in concrete containing plastic waste will minimize the dead load of concrete which is of crucial importance. Ultimately the use of such plastic waste material cuts down the cost of construction and also the aftermath of using plastic scrap in concrete will be magnificent [21].

If plastic wastes can be mixed with the concrete mass in some quantity or in some form, without affecting the fundamental and other properties or slight negotiation in strength the strength of concrete. Industrial wastes from polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) were studied as alternative replacements of a part of the conventional aggregates of concrete. Three replacement levels.10 %, 20 %, 30 by Weight of aggregates were used for the preparation of the concrete.

- The concrete consist of cement, sand, Aggregate and water. Out of which the aggregate percentage is 60 to 70 % in concrete and from the above observation, it is computed to use the 20% Recycled plastic aggregate in concrete which does not affect the properties of concrete.
- From the observation it is possible to use the plastic in concrete mix up to 20 % weight of coarse aggregate.
- Looking in to above aspect we come to the conclusion that plastic can be in cement concrete mix increase the % in plastic to decrease the strength of concrete. x By using the plastic in concrete mix to reduces the weight of cube up 15%. x From the observation it is possible to use the plastic in concrete and bonding admixture in concrete and also increase the % of plastic in concrete.
- Lastly, the researchers strongly conclude the use of Recycled plastic aggregate in concrete which is the best option for the disposal of plastic & ultimately reduces the plastic pollution in the Environment [22].

The Plastic usage is large in consumption and one of the largest plastic wastes is polyethylene (PE). The utilization of earth based clay material resulted in resource depletion and environmental degradation. As amount of clay required for brick is huge, in this project these waste plastics are effectively utilized in order to reduce the land space required to dump these wastes. This creates the prevention from various harmful diseases. Polyethylene (PE) bags are cleaned and added with fine aggregate at various ratios to obtain high strength bricks that possess thermal and sound insulation properties. This is one of the best ways to avoid the accumulation of plastic waste. It also helps to conserve energy, reduce the overall cost of construction and hence in this project, an attempt is made to manufacture the plastic sand bricks by utilizing the waste plastics. Plastic sand brick possess more advantages which includes cost efficiency, resource efficiency, reduction in emission of greenhouse gases, etc., Plastic sand brick is also known as “Eco-Bricks” made of plastic waste which is otherwise harmful to all living organisms can be used for construction purposes. It increases the compressive strength when compared to fly ash bricks. By use of plastic sand bricks, the water absorption presence of alkalis was highly reduced. Owing to numerous advantages further research would improve quality and durability of plastic sand bricks[23].

2.2.2. Using Broken Glasses as Construction Material

This experimental study aimed to investigate the adequacy and advantages of non-load bearing concrete hollow blocks containing recycled window glass, in combination with sand as fine aggregate. The tests conducted were according to Standard Methods of Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units with reference to Standard Specifications for Non-Load Bearing Concrete Masonry Units. Observations from the tests performed were conducted in the laboratory where precise data were gathered and completely attained. Some of the interesting insights of the study are: (a) The highest compressive strength appeared in the hollow blocks with 1:2:4 cement-recycled glass-sand ratios; (b) The mixture with 1:2:4 cement-recycled glass- sand ratios has the least moisture content found among the hollow blocks containing recycled clear flat glass; and (c). The use of clear flat glass in manufacturing hollow non-load bearing concrete masonry blocks would be the capability of finely crushed glass to manifest its pozzolanic effect and its low moisture content characteristics, making it possible for the mixture with 1:2:4 cement-recycled glass-sand ratios to be used as load bearing blocks [24].

Design a concrete mixture with recycled bottles as an alternative fine aggregates for mass housing projects that will meet the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) requirements in order to help contribute to the industry in saving the environment, to encourage the government to find solutions regarding the disposal to landfills of waste materials and provide new knowledge to the contractors and developers on how to improve the construction industry methods and services by using recycled bottles, and to sustain good product performance and meet recycling goals.

- The use of recycled glass bottles as an alternative fine aggregate for concrete mix decreases the water-cement ratio depending on the amount present in the mixture. x The use of recycled bottles as fine aggregate decreases the unit weight of concrete. x The use of recycled bottles as an alternative for fine aggregate is not recommended for structural members such as columns, beams and suspended slabs.
- The modulus of elasticity is dependent with the compressive strength, and unit weight of concrete, hence, the recycled glass bottles as fine aggregate decreases the value for modulus of elasticity.
- The use of recycled bottles as an alternative fine aggregate decreases the amount of material cost for concrete due to recycled bottle aggregate.

- There is a positive projection in the availability of glass bottles due for its demands and flexibility in use [25].

The glass tile industry is quite small in the United States. Glass tile production accounts for less than 1 percent of tile production, and in most cases small shops lead the movement. When Oceanside Glass tile of Carlsbad, California, was founded in 1992, the company produced fifty square feet of tile per day; today the facility produces that same amount of tile in minutes. Oceanside’s tiles are made from 85 percent recycled glass. Recently, the company won a $1.4 million business loan from the California Integrated Waste Management Board, the state’s primary recycling agency. Oceanside’s increased production will allow it to use 3,000 tons of recycled glass in five years [26].

The characteristics of concrete containing fine crushed glass during its process, the best ratio of fine crushed glass which leads to higher strength of concrete in order to produce concrete blocks, and the effect of waste glass replacement on the expansion caused by Alkali-silica reaction (ASR). This study looked at the feasibility of waste glass inclusion as partial FA replacement systems. Properties of concrete incorporating waste glass as partial substitution for FA amounts of 15%, 30% and 45% were investigated. The waste glass material used was obtained waste collectors. The results obtained show clearly that glass enhances the compressive strength properties of the final concrete product.

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