Determining the Level of Heavy Metal in Orange (Citrus sinensis) within AngloGold Ashanti, Obuasi Mine

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEDICATION

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

LIST OF ACRONYMS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF APPENDICES

LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Background
1.2 The Problem Statement
1.3 Justification
1.4 The Research Objectives
1.5 The Structure of the Thesis

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2.1 Taxonomic Classification and Physiology of Orange
2.2.2 Nutritional Benefits of Orange
2.2.3 Definition of Heavy Metals
2.2.4 Bio-accumulation of Heavy Metals
2.2.5 Heavy Metal Tolerance
2.2.6 Heavy Metal Remediation
2.2.7 Factors Affecting Metal Availability
2.2.8 Plant Uptake and Transport of Metals
2.2.9 Uptake Mechanisms of Plants
2.2.10 Transport within the Plant
2.2.11 Xylem Transport
2.2.12 Phloem Transport
2.2.13 Sources and Uses of Copper
2.2.14 Lead Poisoning
2.2.15 Natural Sources of Lead
2.2.16 Mining Operations as a Source of Lead
2.2.17 Transport and Bioaccumulation of Lead
2.2.18 Chemistry of Arsenic
2.2.19 Arsenic in the Environment
2.2.20 Health Effects of Arsenic
2.2.21 Environmental Effects of Arsenic
2.2.22 Chemistry of Zinc
2.2.23 Occurrence of Zinc
2.2.24 Environmental Impacts of Zinc
2.2.25 Tailings Composition and Storage
2.2.26 Phytoremediation

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Study Area
3.2.1 Location
3.2.2 Climate
3.3 Materials
3.4 Experimental Design
3.5 Methods
3.5.1 Acid Digestion
3.6 Limitations of the Study

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Results for Heavy Metal Concentration
4.2.1 Concentration of Zinc in Orange Samples
4.2.2 Concentration of Arsenic in Orange Samples
4.2.3 Concentration of Copper in Orange Samples
4.2.4 Concentration of Lead in Orange Samples

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Concentration of Zinc
5.3 Concentration of Arsenic
5.2 Concentration of Copper
5.3 Concentration of Lead

CHAPTER SIX
6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1 Introduction
6.3 Contribution to Knowledge
6.4 Recommendations
6.5 Issues for Future Research

REFERENCES

APPENDICES