Excerpt
Table of Contents
1 General Introduction
3
2 The Emergence of Facebook and its Potential Usage for Evangelism in Christianity
25
3 The Use of Facebook by Ghanaian Pastors
32
4 Discussing the Usage of Facebook by Ghanaian Pastors and its Influence on Evangelism
43
5 Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations
57
Bibliography
62
3
CHAPTERONE
GENERALI
NTRODUCTI
ON
1.
1Backgroundoft
heSt
udy
TheGospelmessagehasbeenpr
eachedsi
ncet
hecomi
ngofJesusChri
sti
nt
o
t
heworl
d.Therootofspreadi
ngt
heGospelofJesusChri
stcanbefoundi
n
Mat
t
hew28;19-
20sayi
ng,"got
heref
or
eandmakedi
sci
pl
esofal
lt
henat
i
ons,
bapt
i
zi
ngt
hem i
nt
henameoft
heFat
herandoft
heSonandoft
heHol
ySpi
ri
t
,
t
eachi
ngt
hem t
oobserveal
lt
hi
ngst
hatIhavecommandedyou;andl
o,Iam
wi
t
hyoual
ways,event
ot
heendoft
heage(
NewKi
ngJamesVersi
on)
.
"Jesus,
accordi
ngt
ot
heGospelofMar
k,agai
nsai
d,goi
nt
ot
heent
i
r
eworl
dandpreach
t
hegospelt
oal
lcr
eat
i
on(
Mar
k16:
15)
.Thesest
at
ement
sar
epopul
ar
l
yknown
as`
TheGreatCommi
ssi
on'
.
Jesust
ol
dt
hechur
cht
hemessaget
heyshoul
dpreachbutt
hemedi
um wasnot
cl
earl
yst
at
edi
nt
heBi
bl
e. Overt
heyears,t
echnol
ogyhasbeenusedasa
medi
um i
nspr
eadi
ngt
heGospelsi
ncet
heNewTest
amentages.Thel
et
t
er
sof
St
.Pauli
nt
heNew Test
amentaccor
di
ngt
oJust
i
nWi
se,wr
i
t
t
enandr
eadt
o
bel
i
ever
si
nhi
sdayandevenmanygener
at
i
onsl
at
eri
ndi
cat
et
hat
,heusedan
i
nkandwr
ot
eonscr
ol
l
.Bot
ht
hei
nkandscr
ol
lwerecut
t
i
ng-
edget
echnol
ogi
es
backi
nt
hei
rdays.
1
I
n1517,Chri
st
i
anhi
st
or
yt
al
ksofMart
i
nLut
her,aGermanmonk,whol
edt
he
Ref
ormat
i
onagai
nstbur
densomepr
act
i
ceswhi
chbet
rayedt
hegospelmessage.
1
Just
i
nWi
se,"Soci
alMedi
aandChr
i
st
i
anMi
ni
st
r
y:Reachi
ngt
heWorl
df
ort
heKi
ngdomof
God,
"
TheEdStetzerBl
og
,Febr
uary21,2014,www.
Chri
st
i
ant
oday.
com/edst
et
zer/2014/
f
ebr
uar
y/soci
al
-
medi
a-
andChr
i
st
i
an-
mi
ni
st
r
y-
r
eachi
ng-
woul
d-
for-
ki
ng.
ht
ml
/bmb=1,(
accessed
Mar
ch16,2015)
4
Lut
herbel
i
evedt
hatt
hebot
t
om l
i
neoft
heGospelwas,everyoneshoul
dhave
unfet
t
eredaccesst
oGod,f
orf
or
gi
venessbutmosti
mport
ant
l
yfori
nt
i
mat
e
personalrel
at
i
onshi
pwi
t
hGod.Lut
her
,t
hr
ought
hecut
t
i
ngedget
echnol
ogyof
hi
sday,t
hepr
i
nt
i
ngpr
ess,di
st
r
i
but
edt
he`
Lut
herBi
bl
e't
oal
lGermans.
2
Today,
t
hrought
hepri
nt
i
ngpress,sever
alt
r
ansl
at
i
onsoft
heBi
bl
ehavebeenpri
nt
edt
o
hel
padvancet
hecauseoft
heGr
eatCommi
ssi
on.
I
naworl
dful
loft
echnol
ogy,el
ect
roni
candpri
ntmedi
a,suchasnewspapers,
magazi
nes,t
heradi
oandt
el
evi
si
onhavebeenusedast
ool
st
oi
mpactt
he
ki
ngdom ofGod.
3
Peopl
el
i
keBi
l
l
yGraham,Kennet
hE.Hagan,Kat
hrynKuhl
man,
BennyHi
nn,ThomasDext
erJakes,Kennet
hCopel
and,Morri
sCerul
l
o,Juani
t
a
Bynum,andJoelOst
eenar
ecl
assi
f
i
edasAmer
i
can'
sl
eadi
ngt
el
evangel
i
st
swho
haveusedt
heradi
oandt
el
evi
si
ont
oi
mpar
tt
hegospeloft
heLordJesusi
n
Amer
i
caandt
heworl
d.
4
I
ti
sa common obser
vat
i
on t
hat
,Dr
.Mensah Ot
abi
l
,Archbi
shop Ni
chol
as
Duncan Wi
l
l
i
ams,Bi
shop Char
l
es Agyi
n Asare,t
he Church ofPent
ecost
,
Pr
esbyt
er
i
anChurchofGhana,t
heMet
hodi
stChurchofGhanaandt
heChri
st
Apost
ol
i
cChurchofGhanabr
oadcastt
hei
rl
i
veorrecordedmessagesevery
weekonr
adi
ost
at
i
onsuchasJoyF.
M.andt
el
evi
si
onst
at
i
onssuchasTV3and
GTV.
2
Just
i
nWi
se,
TheSoci
alchurch:ATheol
ogyofDi
gi
talCommuni
cati
on
(
Chi
cago:Moody
Publ
i
shers,2014)
,127,CDNParabl
e.
com/cont
ent
/pr
evi
ew/9780802487469.
pdf
,(
accessed
Apri
l17,2015)
3
Pet
er
Whi
t
eandCor
nel
i
us
J.
P.
Ni
emand,"Ghanai
anPent
ecost
alChurches'Mi
ssi
on
Appr
oaches,
"
JournalofPentecostalTheol
ogy
24,no.2(
2015)
:241-69.
4
"FamousTel
evangel
i
st
,
"Ranker
,ht
t
p:
//www.
r
anker
.
com/l
i
st
/f
amous-
t
el
evangel
i
st
s/al
by-
t
hompson?var=5&ut
mexpi
d=16418821157.
KzX0YuO8RXOC1yj
YBgr
_2A.
4&ut
m_r
ef
err
er=
ht
t
ps%3A%2F%2Fwww.
googl
e.
com.
gh%2F,(
accessedFebruar
y24,2015)
5
Therei
sanewwayofi
nt
er
act
i
onknownassoci
almedi
ausedbysomepast
ors
i
nGhana.Tel
evangel
i
st
ssuchasDuncan-
Wi
l
l
i
ams,MensaOt
abi
l
,Dag-
Heward
Mi
l
l
s,andChar
l
esAgyi
nAsarearepr
omi
nentGhanai
anpast
orswhousesoci
al
medi
a.
Somecal
l
shavebeenmadebyChr
i
st
i
anl
eadersfort
heuseofsoci
almedi
at
o
propagat
et
heGospel
.NanaKof
iAdj
eiI
mbeah,t
heWest
ernRegi
onalChai
r
man
ofScri
pt
ureUni
on,Ghana,onJune2
nd
2013encouragedChri
st
i
anst
ouse
soci
almedi
af
orevangel
i
sm si
ncei
thasbecomet
het
oolt
hroughwhi
cht
he
yout
harebei
ngl
edast
r
ay.
5
Thest
udyt
her
ef
oreexpl
oredt
heuseofsoci
almedi
af
orChri
st
i
anevangel
i
sm
wi
t
ht
hef
ocuson t
heFacebookact
i
vi
t
i
esofsomeGhanai
anpast
or
sandt
he
i
nf
l
uenceoft
heseact
i
vi
t
i
esonevangel
i
sm.
1.
2Probl
em St
at
ement
Chri
st
i
ani
t
yhasusedt
echnol
ogyt
oadvancei
t
scour
seovert
hecent
uri
es.
Just
i
nWi
seasser
t
st
hatMar
t
i
nLut
herusedt
hepri
nt
i
ngpresst
opri
ntBi
bl
est
o
ai
di
nspr
eadi
ngt
heGospelofJesusChr
i
st
.
6
I
nt
hewor
kofFr
ancesBenyahont
heuseoft
hemassmedi
aandi
t
si
nf
l
uences
onact
i
vi
t
i
esofchar
i
smat
i
cchurchesi
nGhana,heemphasi
sedt
hatt
hemass
medi
ahavei
nf
l
uencesonchar
i
smat
i
cchur
chesi
npar
t
i
cul
arandgeneral
l
yon
5
"Chri
st
i
ansshoul
dusesoci
almedi
a-
SU,
"GhanaNewsAgency,l
astmodi
fi
edonApri
l2,2013,
ht
t
p:
//www.
ghananewsagency.
or
g/soci
al
/chr
i
st
i
ans-
shoul
d-
use-
soci
al
-
medi
a-
su-
60632,
(
accessedJune15,2015)
6
Wi
se,
Thesoci
alchurch:
,
27
6
Chri
st
i
ani
t
yi
nGhanai
nt
heareaofevangel
i
sm amongot
hers.
7
Benyahagai
ni
n
hi
srecommendat
i
onsproposedt
hatst
udi
esi
nt
heareaofsoci
almedi
ai
san
emergi
ngoneandt
heref
or
eresear
chi
st
obecarri
edoutt
oascert
ai
nt
he
cont
r
i
but
i
onofsoci
almedi
ai
nr
espectofsoci
o-
t
echnol
ogi
caldevel
opment
.
8
However,SusanCodonerecommendedt
hatf
ut
ureresearchshoul
dconsi
der
howsoci
almedi
acanbeusedt
oservi
cet
hemi
ssi
onoft
hechurch.
9
Mor
eover
,oneoft
hegr
eat
estmi
ssi
onsoft
hechurchi
st
hemi
ssi
onofworl
d
evangel
i
zat
i
onandi
spopul
ar
l
yknownast
heGreatCommi
ssi
on.Ont
hatnot
e,
t
hi
sst
udyexpl
oredt
hepr
obl
em ofhow t
heuseofsoci
almedi
aespeci
al
l
y
Facebook by some Ghanai
an past
or
s i
nf
l
uences evangel
i
sm.Al
so,how
Facebookasacommuni
cat
i
ont
oolcanbeusedforevangel
i
st
i
cworkonsoci
al
medi
a.
1.
3ResearchQuest
i
ons
Agai
nstt
hi
sbackgr
ound,t
hef
ol
l
owi
ngr
esearchquest
i
onswer
esetfort
he
st
udy:
7
Fr
ancesBenyah,"TheUseofTheMassMedi
aByChari
smat
i
cChurchesi
nGhana:ACase
St
udyofPerezChapelI
nt
er
nat
i
onal
"(
MPi
lt
hesi
s.
,Uni
ver
si
t
yofGhana,Legon,2015)
,
5.
8
Benyah,"TheUseofTheMassMedi
aByChar
i
smat
i
cChurchesi
nGhana:
,
5
9
SusanCodone,"Megachur
chPast
orTwi
t
t
erAct
i
vi
t
y:AnAnal
ysi
sofRi
ckWarr
enandAndy
St
anl
ey,t
woofAmer
i
ca'
sSoci
alPast
or
s",
JournalofRel
i
gi
on,Medi
aandDi
gi
talCul
ture
3,no.2
(
August2014)1-
32,ht
t
p:
//j
r
mdc.
com/paper
s-
ar
chi
ve/vol
ume-
3-
i
ssue-
2-
august
-
2014/,
(
accessedFebr
uary15,2015)
7
Whoar
et
hefol
l
ower
sofGhanai
anpast
ors
10
onFacebook?
Whydopeopl
ef
ol
l
owpast
or
sonFcaebook?
HowusefulhasFacebookbeent
ot
hechurchesofGhanai
anpast
ors?
Whatar
et
het
hemesofFacebookpost
i
ngsofGhanai
anpast
ors?
How has Ghanai
an past
or
s'usage ofFacebook cont
ri
but
ed t
o
ful
fi
l
l
i
ngt
heGr
eatCommi
ssi
on?
How canFacebookusageserveasat
oolforevangel
i
st
i
cworkon
soci
almedi
a?
1.
4Ai
msandObj
ect
i
vesoft
heSt
udy
Fr
om t
heseresear
chquest
i
ons,t
her
esear
cherai
ms:
Tof
i
ndoutt
hef
ol
l
ower
sofGhanai
anpast
orsonFacebook.
Tof
i
ndoutt
her
easonpeopl
ef
ol
l
owpast
orsonFacebook.
Toexpl
or
ehow usefulFacebookhasbeent
ochurchesofGhanai
an
past
ors.
Toexpl
or
et
het
hemesofFacebookpost
i
ngsofGhanai
anpast
or
s?
10
Fol
l
owersofGhanai
anpast
orsonFacebook:
Thesear
eusersofFacebookwhohavel
i
kedorhavebeenaccept
edasFacebookf
ri
endsof
Ghanai
anpast
or
sonFacebook.TheseusersseewhateverpostorcommentaGhanai
anpast
or
makesonFacebook
8
Toest
abl
i
shhow t
heusageofFacebookbyGhanai
anpast
orshas
cont
ri
but
edi
nf
ul
f
i
l
l
i
ngt
heGr
eatCommi
ssi
on.
Toexpl
or
ehowFacebookusagecanserveasat
oolforevangel
i
st
i
c
wor
ki
nsoci
almedi
a.
1.
5ScopeandFocusoft
heSt
udy
Thi
sst
udywasdonewi
t
hi
nt
heper
i
odofMayt
oSept
ember2015.Thest
udy
focusedonsoci
almedi
ausi
ngFacebookasaparadi
gm t
ohel
pt
heresearcher
t
oascert
ai
nt
heusesofFacebookbyGhanai
anpast
orsandi
ti
nfl
uenceon
evangel
i
sm.
Thest
udyexpl
or
edhow Ghanai
anpast
or
suseFacebookandi
t
si
nfl
uenceon
evangel
i
sm.Ther
esear
chersoughtt
hevi
ewsofexpert
s(
consul
t
ant
s)onsoci
al
medi
a,l
ect
ur
ers wi
t
h r
esear
ch i
nt
er
esti
n soci
almedi
a and fol
l
owers of
Ghanai
anpast
or
swhopat
r
oni
seFacebookact
i
vi
t
i
esofGhanai
anpast
orssuch
asAr
chbi
shopPal
merBuckl
eoft
heRomanCat
hol
i
cChurch;Apost
l
eOpoku
Onyi
nah oft
he Chur
ch ofPent
ecost
;Apost
l
e St
ephen AmoaniofChri
st
Apost
ol
i
cChurchI
nt
er
nat
i
onal
;Rev.Fr
i
mpongMansooft
heAssembl
i
esofGod
Chur
ch,Ghana; Ar
chbi
shop Ni
col
as Duncan-
Wi
l
l
i
ams of Act
i
on Chapel
I
nt
er
nat
i
onal
;Bi
shopChar
l
esAgyi
nAsar
eofPer
ezChapelI
nt
ernat
i
onal
;Bi
shop
DagHeward-
Mi
l
l
sofLi
ght
houseChapelI
nt
er
nat
i
onalandPast
orMensaOt
abi
l
ofI
nt
ernat
i
onalCent
r
alGospelChur
ch.
9
1.
6Researchmet
hodol
ogy
Thest
udyempl
oyedqual
i
t
at
i
veappr
oacht
oresearch.Qual
i
t
at
i
veapproachor
met
hodi
s"bui
l
tonapostposi
t
i
vi
st
i
c,phenomenol
ogi
calworl
dvi
ew,whi
ch
assumest
hatreal
i
t
yi
ssoci
al
l
yconst
r
uct
edt
hr
oughi
ndi
vi
dualorcol
l
ect
i
ve
defi
ni
t
i
ons oft
he si
t
uat
i
on".
11
I
n qual
i
t
at
i
ve research,t
he emphasi
s i
s on
col
l
ect
i
ng dat
a t
hatl
ead t
o dependabl
e answers t
o i
mport
antquest
i
ons,
repor
t
edi
nsuffi
ci
entdet
ai
lt
hati
thasmeani
ngt
ot
hereader.
12
Accordi
ngt
o
Ansel
m L.St
r
aussandJul
i
etM.Cor
bi
n,qual
i
t
at
i
veapproachi
saresearch
approach whi
ch does notempl
oy st
at
i
st
i
calprocedures ormet
hods of
quant
i
fi
cat
i
onaspr
i
mar
yt
ool
susedi
nunder
st
andi
ngobj
ect
sofr
esearch.
13
Theresearcherusedaphenomenol
ogi
calappr
oachofresearchdesi
gn.Thomas
Gr
oenewal
d assert
s t
hat"att
he r
ootofphenomenol
ogy,i
s t
he i
nt
entt
o
under
st
andt
hephenomenai
nt
hei
rownt
er
ms.
"
14
Zi
nkerexpl
ai
nst
hatt
het
erm
"phenomenol
ogi
cali
mpl
i
es a pr
ocess,whi
ch emphasi
ses part
i
ci
pant
s own
11
Dougl
asE.Wel
ch,Mer
l
eD.St
r
ege,andJohnH.Auker
man,
Gui
detoGraduateTheol
ogi
cal
Research
,ed.Davi
dNei
dert
,JohnH.Auker
man,andJanetBrewer
,
(
AndersonUni
versi
t
ySchool
ofTheol
ogyWr
i
t
i
ngGui
de:
2010edi
ti
on
)
,10,ht
t
p:
//www.
anderson.edu/si
t
es/def
aul
t
/
f
i
l
es/mi
gr
at
e/sot
/r
esour
ces/sot
-
wr
i
t
i
ng-
gui
de.
pdf
,(
accessedApri
l2,2015)
12
Wel
ch,St
r
ege,andAuker
man,
Gui
detoGraduateTheol
ogi
calResearch,
10.
13
A.L.St
r
aussandJ.M.Corbi
n,
Basi
csofQual
i
tati
veResearch:Techni
quesandProceduresfor
Devel
opi
ngGroundedTheory
.2nded.
,(
Cal
i
f
or
ni
a:SagePubl
i
cat
i
ons,1998)
,10,ht
t
p:
//www.
st
i
bamal
ang.
com/upl
oadbank/pust
aka/RM/BASI
C%20OF%20QUALI
TATI
VE%20
RESEARCH.
pdf
,(
accessedJune29,2015)
14
ThomasGr
oenewal
d,"Aphenomenol
ogi
calResear
chDesi
gnI
l
l
ust
r
at
ed,
"
I
nternati
onalJournal
ofQual
i
tati
veMethods
3,no.4(
Apri
l2004)
:
8-
23,ht
t
ps:
//www.
ual
ber
t
a.
ca/~i
i
qm/
backi
ssues/3_1/pdf
/groenewal
d.
pdf
,(accessedApr
i
l9,2015)
10
uni
queexper
i
ences.
"
15
Gr
eeneandHol
l
owayassertt
hataresearcherusi
ng
phenomenol
ogyi
s"concer
nedwi
t
ht
hel
i
vedexperi
encesoft
hepeopl
ei
nvol
ved,
orwhowerei
nvol
ved,wi
t
ht
hei
ssuet
hati
sbei
ngr
esearched.
"
16
Theabove
schol
arl
y di
scoveri
es made on phenomenol
ogy made t
he researcheruse
phenomenol
ogi
calappr
oachsi
ncesoci
almedi
ai
sanew phenomenonunder
st
udy.I
nt
hecont
extofphenomenol
ogi
calapproach,t
heresearcheri
nt
ervi
ewed
t
went
y-
onepar
t
i
ci
pant
swhohavel
i
vedexper
i
encei
nregardst
osoci
almedi
ai
n
t
hei
rownways.Fi
veoft
hesearesoci
almedi
aexpert
s,t
hreearel
ect
urerswi
t
h
resear
chi
nt
er
esti
nsoci
almedi
aandt
hi
rt
eenarefol
l
owersofGhanai
anpast
ors
onFacebook.
Al
so,t
heresear
cherusedexpl
or
at
oryr
esearchdesi
gn.Accordi
ngt
oCat
heri
ne
Mar
shal
landGret
chenB.Rossman,expl
or
at
or
yr
esearchdesi
gni
susedwhena
r
esear
cherwant
s"t
oi
nvest
i
gat
el
i
t
t
l
e-
under
st
oodphenomena,t
oi
dent
i
fyor
di
scoveri
mpor
t
antcat
egor
i
es ofmeani
ng and t
o generat
e hypot
hesi
s for
f
ur
t
herr
esear
ch.
"
17
Ther
esear
cherusedexpl
or
at
oryresearchdesi
gnbecause
soci
almedi
ai
sanewar
eawi
t
hl
i
t
t
l
eknowl
edgeandespeci
al
l
yhowi
thasbeen
used as a t
ooli
n evangel
i
sm.The r
esear
cherexpl
ored soci
almedi
a and
di
scover
edt
hati
tcanbeusedasat
oolf
orevangel
i
sm,churchpl
ant
i
ngi
n
di
f
f
erentnat
i
ons,keepi
ngcont
actwi
t
hchur
chmembersi
ndi
fferentgeographi
c
l
ocat
i
ons.Fur
t
her
mor
e,t
he r
esear
cheri
dent
i
fi
ed t
hatf
urt
herresearch can
15
Gr
oenewal
d,"Aphenomenol
ogi
calr
esear
chdesi
gni
l
l
ust
rat
ed"8
16
Gr
oenewal
d,"Aphenomenol
ogi
calr
esear
chdesi
gni
l
l
ust
rat
ed"9
17
Cat
heri
neMar
shal
landGret
chenB.Rossman,
Desi
gni
ngQual
i
tati
veResearch,
3
rd
ed.
(
London:SagePubl
i
cat
i
ons,1999)
,33,
ht
t
p:
//dept
s.
washi
ngt
on.
edu/met
hods/r
eadi
ngs/com501_marshal
_t
he_what
_of
_st
udy.
pdf
,
(accessedApr
i
l9,2015)
11
consi
derot
hersoci
almedi
apl
at
f
ormsbesi
desFcaebookt
oaffi
rm someoft
he
fi
ndi
ngsmadei
nt
hi
sresear
ch.
1.
6.
1Met
hodsofDat
aCol
l
ect
i
on
The researcheradopt
ed t
he phenomenol
ogi
calapproach as a met
hod of
gat
heri
ngt
hedat
aneededf
ort
hework.GreeneandHol
l
owayassertt
hata
resear
cher usi
ng phenomenol
ogy shoul
d be concerned wi
t
h t
he l
i
ved
experi
encesoft
hepeopl
ei
nvol
ved,orwhower
ei
nvol
ved,wi
t
ht
hephenomenon
underst
udy.
18
Semi
-
st
ruct
uredi
nt
er
vi
ewgui
deswer
eusedbyt
heresearcheri
nordert
ohave
bot
h f
ormaland i
nf
ormalat
mospher
e t
o getdeep underst
andi
ng oft
he
phenomenonrel
evantt
ot
hi
sst
udy.
19
Ther
esear
cherusedasemi
-
st
r
uct
ur
edi
nt
er
vi
ewgui
det
oexpl
oret
hevi
ewsof
t
hei
nf
or
mant
sr
el
evantt
ot
hi
sst
udy.Ther
esearcherchosesemist
ruct
ured
i
nt
er
vi
ewgui
debecause,CohenandCr
abt
r
eeemphasi
set
hati
t"provi
desacl
ear
setofi
nst
ruct
i
ons f
ori
nt
er
vi
ewer
s and can provi
de r
el
i
abl
e,compar
abl
e
qual
i
t
at
i
vedat
a.
"
20
Semi
-
st
r
uct
uredi
nt
er
vi
ew gui
degi
vest
heresear
cherpri
or
knowl
edgeoft
heki
ndofquest
i
onst
hatar
er
el
evantt
ot
heresearchquest
i
ons
r
ai
sed i
n t
he st
udy and br
i
ngs a f
or
m i
nf
ormalrel
at
i
onshi
p bet
ween t
he
18
Gr
oenewal
d,"Aphenomenol
ogi
calr
esear
chdesi
gni
l
l
ust
rat
ed"9
19
"Qual
i
t
at
i
veResearchGui
del
i
nesPr
oj
ect
,
"Rober
tWoodJohnsonFoundat
i
on,l
astmodi
f
i
ed
Jul
y2006,ht
t
p:
//www.
qual
res.
or
g/HomeSemi
-
3629.
ht
ml(
accessedApr
i
l2,2015)
20
"Qual
i
t
at
i
veResearchGui
del
i
nesPr
oj
ect
,
"Rober
tWoodJohnsonFoundat
i
on,
12
resear
cherandt
hei
nf
ormant
sf
orf
ol
l
owupquest
i
onduri
ngt
hei
nt
ervi
ew.
21
1.
6.
1.
1
Parti
ci
pantsoftheResearch
Thepart
i
ci
pant
scompri
sedofsoci
almedi
aexpert
s,l
ect
urerswi
t
hresearch
i
nt
eresti
nsoci
almedi
af
rom t
heDepar
t
mentofCommuni
cat
i
onSt
udi
esat
Chri
st
i
anServi
ceUni
versi
t
yCol
l
ege(
CSUC)andGhanaI
nst
i
t
ut
eofJournal
i
sm
(
GI
J)
.Ot
herpart
i
ci
pant
sarefol
l
ower
sofGhanai
anpast
orsonFacebooki
n
AccraandKumasi
.
Thefol
l
owi
ngpar
t
i
ci
pant
swer
ei
nt
er
vi
ewed:Fi
ve(
5)soci
almedi
aexpert
s,t
hree
(
3)l
ect
urer
s wi
t
h r
esearch i
nt
eresti
n soci
almedi
a and t
hi
rt
een (
13)are
fol
l
owersofGhanai
anpast
orsonFacebook.Thet
ot
alnumberofpart
i
ci
pant
s
wast
went
y-
one(
21)
.
1.
6.
1.
2
Pri
marySources
Theresear
cherusedi
nt
er
vi
ewsi
ncol
l
ect
i
onofpri
mar
ydat
a.
1.
6.
1.
3
SecondarySources
Ther
esear
cherusedr
epor
t
s,books,t
heweb,andj
our
nal
si
ncol
l
ect
i
ng
secondar
ydat
a.
1.
6.
2 Sampl
e/Sampl
i
ngProcedureorTechni
que
I
nor
dert
oanswert
her
esearchquest
i
onsoft
hi
sst
udy,
Pur
posi
vesampl
i
ngwas
used.Wel
man and Kr
ugerasser
tt
hatpur
posi
ve sampl
i
ng i
s "t
he most
i
mpor
t
ant ki
nd of non-
pr
obabi
l
i
t
y sampl
i
ng, t
o i
dent
i
fy t
he pri
mar
y
21
"Qual
i
t
at
i
veResearchGui
del
i
nesPr
oj
ect
,
"Rober
tWoodJohnsonFoundat
i
on,
13
part
i
ci
pant
s.
"
22
Throughi
nt
er
netsearchandt
el
ephonescal
l
s,fi
ve(
5)soci
al
medi
aexpert
s,t
hr
ee(
3)l
ect
urer
swi
t
hr
esearchi
nt
eresti
nt
hear
eaofsoci
al
medi
a were i
nt
ervi
ewed.Thi
s i
s because t
hese part
i
ci
pant
s have i
n-
dept
h
knowl
edgeandi
nfor
mat
i
onont
heuseofsoci
almedi
a.
Fur
t
hermor
e,Snowbal
lsampl
i
ngt
echni
quewasempl
oyedbyt
heresearchert
o
expandt
henumberofpart
i
ci
pant
sori
nfor
mant
s.Grei
gandTayl
orexpl
ai
n
snowbal
l
i
ngasamet
hodusedi
not
hert
oexpandt
hesampl
ebyaski
ngone
i
nfor
mantorpart
i
ci
pantt
or
ecommendot
her
sfori
nt
ervi
ewi
ng.
23
Theresearcher
askedot
herpart
i
ci
pant
ssuchast
heexpert
si
nsoci
almedi
at
orecommend
ot
herpart
i
ci
pant
s(
fol
l
ower
sofGhanai
anpast
or
sonFacebook)rel
evantt
ot
he
st
udy.
Mar
i
aLuca
ar
guest
hatt
her
ei
snor
ul
east
ot
henumberofpart
i
ci
pant
sneeded
i
naqual
i
t
at
i
ver
esear
ch.However,sheasser
t
st
hatt
oachi
eveaqual
i
t
at
i
ve
met
hodofdesi
gnt
omeett
r
ust
wor
t
hi
ness,t
hi
ck,ri
chdat
a,aresearcherneeds
t
oi
nt
er
vi
ew atl
eastt
wel
vei
nt
er
vi
ewees,butmustensuret
hepart
i
ci
pant
sare
t
hehol
dersofknowl
edgei
nt
hear
eai
nt
endedfori
nvest
i
gat
i
on.
24
Therefore,
t
went
y-
onepar
t
i
ci
pant
swer
ei
nt
er
vi
ewedt
hr
oughf
ace-
t
o-
faceandt
el
ephone
i
nt
er
vi
ews.
1.
6.
3Dat
aAnal
ysi
s
22
Gr
oenewal
d,"Aphenomenol
ogi
calr
esear
chdesi
gni
l
l
ust
rat
ed"9
23
Gr
oenewal
d,"Aphenomenol
ogi
calr
esear
chdesi
gni
l
l
ust
rat
ed"10
24
"Qual
i
t
at
i
veResearchGui
del
i
nesPr
oj
ect
,
"Rober
tWoodJohnsonFoundat
i
on,
14
I
neval
uat
i
ngt
hedat
at
hatwasgat
her
edduri
ngfi
el
dwork,aqual
i
t
at
i
veanal
ysi
s
was empl
oyed.The researcherused t
he i
nduct
i
ve approach t
o qual
i
t
at
i
ve
anal
ysi
swhi
chi
nvol
ves"anal
ysi
ngdat
awi
t
hl
i
t
t
l
eornopredet
ermi
nedt
heory,
st
ruct
ureorframewor
kandusest
heact
ualdat
ai
t
sel
ft
oderi
vet
hest
ruct
ureof
anal
ysi
s.
"
25
Thi
sappr
oachi
smostsui
t
abl
ewherel
i
t
t
l
eornot
hi
ngi
sknown
aboutt
hest
udyphenomenon.
"
26
Ther
esear
cherusedi
nt
ervi
ewsast
hepri
mary
source ofdat
a col
l
ect
i
on.Bl
ess and Hi
gson-
Smi
t
h concl
udes t
hatwhen
i
nt
ervi
ews are t
he pri
mar
ysour
ce ofdat
a col
l
ect
i
on,i
nt
ervi
ewees are t
he
pri
maryuni
tforanal
ysi
s.
27
Each i
nt
er
vi
ew was recorded usi
ng cel
lphone audi
o recorderwi
t
h t
he
per
mi
ssi
onoft
hepar
t
i
ci
pant
sandwast
r
anscr
i
bedf
oranal
ysi
sbycont
rast
i
ng
anddr
awi
ngsi
mi
l
ar
i
t
i
eswi
t
ht
hehel
pofl
i
t
er
at
ure.Themesweredevel
opedi
n
accor
dancewi
t
ht
her
esear
chquest
i
onsi
nordert
oachi
eveeachresearch
obj
ect
i
ve.The t
ranscr
i
bed dat
a was anal
ysed bycont
rast
i
ng and drawi
ng
si
mi
l
ar
i
t
i
es i
n r
espectoft
he vi
ews oft
he part
i
ci
pant
s and f
i
ndi
ngs wer
e
di
scussedi
nr
el
at
i
ont
ol
i
t
er
at
ure.
Al
so,convent
i
onalcont
entanal
ysi
swasempl
oyed.Hsi
u-
FangHsi
ehandSarah
E.Shannonassertt
hatconvent
i
onalcont
entanal
ysi
sori
nduct
i
vecat
egory
devel
opmentori
nduct
i
vecont
entanal
ysi
si
sgeneral
l
yusedwi
t
hst
udi
est
hat
ai
m atdescr
i
bi
ngaphenomenon,whi
chi
susual
l
ysui
t
abl
ewhenexi
st
i
ngt
heory
25
P.Bur
nard,P.Gi
l
l
,K.St
ewar
t
,E.Treasur
e
andB.Chadwi
ck,
"
Anal
ysi
ngandPresent
i
ng
Qual
i
t
at
i
veDat
a"
Bri
ti
shDentalJournal
204,no.8(
Apr
i
l2008)
:42932,ht
t
p:
//www.
nat
ur
e.
com/bdj
/j
our
nal
/v204/n8/pdf
/sj
.
bdj
.
2008.
292.
pdf
,(
accessedJune28,2015)
26
Bur
nar
d,Gi
l
l
,St
ewar
t
,Tr
easur
e
andChadwi
ck
"
Anal
ysi
ngandPresent
i
ngQual
i
t
at
i
veDat
a"429
27
Groenewal
d,"APhenomenol
ogi
calResear
chDesi
gnI
l
l
ust
r
at
ed"9
15
orresearch l
i
t
er
at
ur
eon t
hatphenomenon i
sl
i
mi
t
ed orunderdevel
oped.
28
Usual
l
y,t
hi
sappr
oacht
oanal
ysi
sdoesnotusepredet
ermi
nedorpreconcei
ved
cat
egori
esorst
ruct
urebuti
nst
eadal
l
owst
hecat
egori
esorst
ruct
ureofanal
ysi
s
t
oemergeoutoft
hedat
a.
29
Toprepareforr
eport
i
ng,t
hefi
ndi
ngs,foreachcode
ort
hemear
ei
dent
i
f
i
edf
rom t
hedat
a.Theresearchert
hencomparesand
cont
r
ast
shi
sorherf
i
ndi
ngst
ot
heor
yorl
i
t
erat
ure.
30
Thedi
scussi
onwoul
d
i
ncl
udeasummaryofhow t
hef
i
ndi
ngsfr
om hi
sorherst
udycont
ri
but
et
o
knowl
edgei
nt
hear
eaofi
nt
erestandsuggest
i
onsforpract
i
ce,t
eachi
ng,and
fut
ur
eresear
ch.
31
Ther
esear
cher
,st
udyi
ngt
heFacebookpost
i
ngsofsome
Ghanai
anpast
or
s,aswel
last
hevi
ewsofpart
i
ci
pant
sont
heFacebookcont
ent
oft
heseGhanai
anpast
ors,usedconvent
i
onalcont
entanal
ysi
st
oanal
yset
he
dat
a.
1.
7 Li
t
erat
ureRevi
ew
Thel
i
t
erat
urerevi
ew i
sdi
vi
dedi
nt
ot
woar
eas
l
i
t
erat
ureont
heconceptof
soci
almedi
a,andt
hel
i
t
er
at
ur
eonsoci
almedi
aandChri
st
i
anevangel
i
sm.
1.
7.
1TheConceptofSoci
alMedi
a
28
Hsi
u-
FangHsi
ehandSar
ahE.Shannon,"Thr
eeAppr
oachest
oQual
i
t
at
i
veCont
entAnal
ysi
s"
Qual
i
tati
veHeal
thResearch
15,no.9,(
November2005)
:1277-288.
29
Hsi
u-
FangHsi
ehandSar
ahE.Shannon,"Thr
eeAppr
oachest
oQual
i
t
at
i
veCont
entAnal
ysi
s,
"
1279
30
Hsi
u-
FangHsi
ehandSar
ahE.Shannon,"Thr
eeAppr
oachest
oQual
i
t
at
i
veCont
entAnal
ysi
s,
"
1279
31
Hsi
u-
FangHsi
ehandSar
ahE.Shannon,"Thr
eeAppr
oachest
oQual
i
t
at
i
veCont
ent
Anal
ysi
s,
"1279
16
Theemergenceofsoci
almedi
ahaschangedt
hef
aceofcommuni
cat
i
onal
lover
t
heworl
d.Theent
i
resoci
almedi
aconcepti
sbui
l
tonwhati
sknownas`
Web2.
0'
.
Accordi
ngt
oEf
t
hymi
osConst
ant
i
ni
des
andSt
efanJ
Fount
ai
n:
Web2.
0i
sacol
l
ect
i
onofopen-
source,i
nt
eract
i
veand
user-
cont
r
ol
l
ed onl
i
ne appl
i
cat
i
ons expandi
ng t
he
exper
i
ences,knowl
edgeandmarketpoweroft
heusersas
par
t
i
ci
pant
si
nbusi
nessandsoci
alprocesses.Web2.
0
appl
i
cat
i
ons suppor
t t
he cr
eat
i
on of i
nformalusers'
net
wor
ksf
aci
l
i
t
at
i
ngt
hef
l
ow ofi
deasandknowl
edgeby
al
l
owi
ngt
heef
fi
ci
entgener
at
i
on,di
ssemi
nat
i
on,shari
ng
andedi
t
i
ngofi
nformat
i
onalcont
ent
.
32
BeforeWeb2.
0ar
ri
ved,communi
cat
i
ont
hr
ought
hei
nt
ernetexi
st
edt
hrough
whati
sknownas`
Web1.
0'
.Web1.
0i
st
heseasoni
nt
hel
i
feoft
hei
nt
ernet
wherewebsi
t
eswerecreat
edandt
heusercoul
donl
yreadwhati
swri
t
t
enbutno
i
nt
er
act
i
on t
ookpl
ace.Lat
er
,emai
laccount
s were added as a feat
ure t
o
websi
t
est
oenabl
et
wo-
waycommuni
cat
i
onbutcoul
donl
ybedonebet
ween
t
wopeopl
eorent
i
t
i
esatat
i
me.Thent
hedevel
opmentof`
Web2.
0'shi
ft
ed
communi
cat
i
onont
hei
nt
er
nett
oal
l
owuser
st
heabi
l
i
t
yt
osendpi
ct
ures,vi
deos,
andot
hercont
entt
oasmanypeopl
eatonceandt
hi
si
swhati
sal
soknownas
soci
almedi
a.
33
Meredi
t
hGoul
ddef
i
nesoci
almedi
aas"web-
basedt
ool
sfori
nt
eract
i
on,whi
ch
i
naddi
t
i
ont
oconver
sat
i
on,al
l
owuser
st
oshar
econt
entsuchasphot
os,vi
deos,
32
Ef
t
hymi
osConst
ant
i
ni
desandSt
efanJ.Fount
ai
n"Web2.
0:Concept
ualFoundat
i
onsand
Mar
ket
i
ngI
ssues"
JournalofDi
rect,DataandDi
gi
talMarketi
ngPracti
ce
9,no.3(
Oct
ober2007)
:
23144,ht
t
p:
//www.
pal
grave-
j
our
nal
s.
com/dddmp/j
our
nal
/v9/n3/pdf
/4350098a.
pdf
,
(
accessedJune27,2015)
33
Ef
t
hymi
osConst
ant
i
ni
desandSt
efanJ.Fount
ai
n"Web2.
0:Concept
ualFoundat
i
onsand
Mar
ket
i
ngI
ssues"232
17
andl
i
nkt
oresour
ces.
"
34
JasonCast
on,ani
nt
ernetchurchexpert
,pl
acest
he
defi
ni
t
i
onofsoci
almedi
ai
nmi
ni
st
r
ycont
extas"soci
almedi
ami
ni
st
ryi
ssi
mpl
e
i
nt
eract
i
oncommuni
cat
i
onr
eachi
ngt
hemasses,whi
chi
sanot
herpartoft
he
GreatCommi
ssi
on.
"
35
Davi
d Hansen,a chur
ch medi
a bl
ogger,says "
Soci
almedi
a i
s bot
h a
st
et
hoscope,magni
fyi
ng yourabi
l
i
t
y t
o l
i
st
en t
o yourcongregat
i
on and
communi
t
y,andamegaphone,magni
f
yi
ngyourabi
l
i
t
yt
oprocl
ai
m God'
sword
t
oyourcommuni
t
y.
"
36
Hansenemphasi
sest
hatsoci
almedi
ai
sat
oolt
he
churchcanuset
oknow andhearwhatt
hei
rcongregat
i
onsaresayi
ngi
nt
he
form offeedbacksandfurt
herbeat
oolf
orcommuni
cat
i
ngt
hewordofGod.
37
Andr
easKapl
anandMi
chaelHaenl
ei
n,i
nt
hei
rwordsst
at
et
hatsoci
almedi
ai
s
"
a gr
oup ofI
nt
er
net
-
based appl
i
cat
i
ons t
hatbui
l
d on t
he i
deol
ogi
caland
t
echnol
ogi
calfoundat
i
onsofWeb2.
0t
hatal
l
owst
hecreat
i
onandexchangeof
user
-
gener
at
edcont
ent
.
"
38
"Soci
almedi
ai
smedi
aforsoci
ali
nt
eract
i
onasa
super
setbeyondsoci
alcommuni
cat
i
on.
"
39
Tri
shaDower
ahBar
uahasser
t
st
hatsoci
almedi
at
akesonmanydi
fferentforms
34
St
evenl
.Wal
dschmi
dt"TheUseofFacebooki
nCongr
egat
i
onalEvangel
i
sm:APr
act
i
calPl
an"
(
Mast
erofDi
vi
ni
t
ydi
ss.
,
Wi
sconsi
nLut
heranSemi
nar
y,2014)
,6-
41.
ht
t
ps:
//www.
googl
e.
com.
gh/
ur
l
?sa=t
&r
ct
j
ur
l&esr
c=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=r
j
a&uact
=8&ved=0CB0QFj
AA&url
,(
accessed
June26,2015)
35
Wal
dschmi
dt"TheUseofFacebooki
nCongr
egat
i
onalEvangel
i
sm,
"6.
36
Wal
dschmi
dt"TheUseofFacebooki
nCongr
egat
i
onalEvangel
i
sm,
"6.
37
Wal
dschmi
dt"TheUseofFacebooki
nCongr
egat
i
onalEvangel
i
sm,
"6.
38
Tr
i
shaDowerahBaruah,"Eff
ect
i
venessofSoci
alMedi
aasat
oolofcommuni
cat
i
onandi
t
s
pot
ent
i
alf
ort
echnol
ogyenabl
edconnect
i
ons:Ami
cr
o-
l
evelst
udy,
"
I
nternati
onalJournalof
Sci
enti
fi
candResearchPubl
i
cati
ons
2,no.5,(
May2012)
:2-
3,ht
t
p:
//www.
i
j
srp.
or
g/resear
ch
_paper
_may2012/i
j
srp-
may-
2012-
24.
pdf
,(
accessedJune,15,2015)
39
Bar
uah,"Ef
f
ect
i
venessofSoci
alMedi
a,
"2.
18
suchas"magazi
nes,i
nt
er
netf
or
ums,webl
ogs,soci
albl
ogs,mi
crobl
oggi
ng,
wi
ki
s, podcast
s, phot
ographs or pi
ct
ures, vi
deo, rat
i
ng and soci
al
bookmar
ki
ng.
"
40
However,t
her
ear
esi
xt
ypesofsoci
almedi
apl
at
forms.These
ar
esoci
alnet
worki
ngsi
t
es,bookmaki
ngsi
t
es,soci
alnewssi
t
es,medi
ashari
ng
si
t
es,mi
crobl
oggi
ngandbl
ogcomment
sandf
orumssi
t
es.
41
Soci
alnet
worki
ngsi
t
esar
et
hesoci
almedi
asi
t
est
hatal
l
owuserst
oconnect
andsharewi
t
hpeopl
eoft
hesamei
nt
erest
s.Exampl
esareFacebook,Googl
e
pl
usandTwi
t
t
er
.Al
so,bookmarki
ngsi
t
es"al
l
ow userst
osaveandorgani
ze
l
i
nkst
oanynumberofonl
i
ner
esour
cesandwebsi
t
es.Akeyfeat
ureoft
hese
servi
cesi
st
heabi
l
i
t
yfort
heusert
o"t
ag"l
i
nks,whi
chmaket
hem easi
ert
o
search"
42
and share f
ol
l
ower
s. An exampl
e i
s St
umbl
eUpon pl
at
form.
Fur
t
her
mor
e,soci
alnewssi
t
esper
mi
tuser
st
opostnewsandnewsl
i
nkst
o
out
si
dear
t
i
cl
es."Userst
henvot
eonsai
di
t
ems,andt
hei
t
emswi
t
ht
hehi
ghest
numberofvot
esar
emostpr
omi
nent
l
ydi
spl
ayed.
"
43
Oneexampl
ei
sReddi
t
.
44
Medi
ashar
i
ngsi
t
es"al
l
ow user
st
oshar
edi
fferentt
ypesofmedi
a,suchas
pi
ct
ur
esandvi
deo.Mostoft
hesesi
t
esal
soof
f
ersoci
alfeat
ures,l
i
ket
heabi
l
i
t
y
t
ocr
eat
eprof
i
l
esandt
heopt
i
onofcomment
i
ngonupl
oadedi
mages.
"
45
An
exampl
ei
sYouTube
46
Mi
cr
obl
oggi
ng"al
l
owsuserst
osubmi
tshortwri
t
t
en
40
Bar
uah,"Ef
f
ect
i
venessofSoci
alMedi
a,
"2.
41
"
Thesi
xt
ypesofsoci
almedi
a,
"Seopr
essor5,ht
t
p:
//seopressor.
com/soci
al
-
medi
amar
ket
i
ng/t
ypes-
of
-
soci
al
-
medi
a/,(
accessedJune,15,2015)
.
42
HalAust
i
n,"Thesi
xt
ypesofsoci
almedi
a,
"
Seopressor5
,ht
t
p:
//seopressor.
com/soci
al
-
medi
a
mar
ket
i
ng/t
ypes-
of
-
soci
al
-
medi
a/,(
accessedJune,15,2015)
.
43
Aust
i
n,"Thesi
xt
ypesofsoci
almedi
a,
"
44
Aust
i
n,"Thesi
xt
ypesofsoci
almedi
a,
"
45
Aust
i
n,"Thesi
xt
ypesofsoci
almedi
a,
"
46
Aust
i
n,"Thesi
xt
ypesofsoci
almedi
a,
"
19
ent
r
i
es,whi
chcani
ncl
udel
i
nkst
opr
oductandservi
cesi
t
es,aswel
lasl
i
nkst
o
ot
hersoci
almedi
asi
t
es.
"UseofTwi
t
t
eri
sanexampl
e.
Bl
og comment
s and for
ums ar
e si
t
es t
hat"al
l
ow users t
o engage i
n
conversat
i
ons by post
i
ng and r
espondi
ng t
o communi
t
y messages.
47
An
exampl
ei
sBl
ogger.
48
Ant
honyMayfi
el
dar
guest
hatt
her
ear
ef
i
vef
undament
alcharact
eri
st
i
cst
hatal
l
soci
al medi
a pl
at
f
orms have i
n common. They are part
i
ci
pat
i
on,
conversat
i
onal
i
t
y,connect
edness,communi
t
yandopenness.
49
Mayfi
el
dexpl
ai
nst
hatpar
t
i
ci
pat
i
oni
st
hear
chi
t
ectofbri
ngi
ngoutt
hei
nt
erest
ofsendersandrecei
versonsoci
almedi
awhi
chpr
omot
ei
nt
eract
i
onamong
user
s.
50
ShawnDr
ur
yar
guedt
hat"soci
almedi
aal
l
ow peopl
et
oshareand
engagewi
t
heachot
hersot
hatt
heyenabl
econt
entshar
edt
obecomemore
democr
at
i
zed t
han ever bef
or
e" and t
hat i
s known as part
i
ci
pat
i
on.
51
Conver
sat
i
onal
i
t
ywhi
chcomesf
rom t
hewor
d`
conversat
i
on'i
nsoci
almedi
a
al
l
owsat
wo-
waycommuni
cat
i
on,unl
i
ket
het
r
adi
t
i
onalmedi
al
i
kenewspapers
whi
chusual
l
yi
saone-
waycommuni
cat
i
on.
52
Connect
edness i
s def
i
ned bySyl
vi
a M.Chan-
Ol
mst
ed,Moonhee Cho,and
47
Aust
i
n,"Thesi
xt
ypesofsoci
almedi
a,
"
48
Aust
i
n,"Thesi
xt
ypesofsoci
almedi
a,
"
49
Syl
vi
aM.Chan-
Ol
mst
ed,MoonheeCho,andSangwonLee,"UserPer
cept
i
onsofSoci
alMedi
a:
ACompar
at
i
veSt
udyofPercei
vedCharact
er
i
st
i
csandUserProfi
l
esbySoci
alMedi
a"
Onl
i
ne
JournalofCommuni
cati
onandMedi
aTechnol
ogi
es
3,no.
4(
Oct
ober2013)
:154-55,
ht
t
p:
//www.
oj
cmt
.
net
/ar
t
i
cl
es/34/349.
pdf
,(
accessedJune15,2015)
50
Chan-
Ol
mst
ed,ChoandLee,"UserPercept
i
onsofSoci
alMedi
a,
"154.
51
Chan-
Ol
mst
ed,ChoandLee,"UserPercept
i
onsofSoci
alMedi
a,
"154.
52
Chan-
Ol
mst
ed,ChoandLee,"UserPercept
i
onsofSoci
alMedi
a,
"154.
20
SangwonLeeast
he"i
nt
er
per
sonal
,communi
t
yandgeneralsoci
alt
i
es,
"
53
whi
ch
exi
stamongusersofsoci
almedi
a.How wel
loneget
sconnect
edonsoci
al
medi
ai
sdependentont
het
echnol
ogi
calknowhow oft
heuserandi
ndi
vi
dual
behavi
oralpat
t
ern(
i
.
e.whet
hersoci
abl
eornotsoci
abl
e)
.
54
Mayfi
el
d descr
i
pt
i
on of communi
t
y on soci
almedi
a i
s i
n respect of
organi
zat
i
onsandgroupswhi
char
eeasi
l
yandoffi
ci
al
l
ycreat
edonsoci
al
medi
a pl
at
for
ms.Creat
i
on ofor
gani
zat
i
onalpl
at
forms on soci
almedi
a i
s
di
st
i
nctfrom t
he`
physi
cal
'wor
l
d.Hesaysi
ti
seasi
ert
ocreat
egroupsor
organi
zat
i
onsonsoci
almedi
apl
at
f
or
ms.
55
Fi
nal
l
y,opennessi
showf
l
exi
bl
ei
ndi
vi
dualpr
ofi
l
e,phot
osandmessagescanbe
shar
edbet
weenandamongusers(
oft
hesamei
nt
erestornot
)onsoci
almedi
a.
Soci
almedi
aopennessal
l
owsever
ybodycl
oseandf
art
oj
oi
nandcomment
f
r
eel
yoni
ssueswhet
herper
sonal
l
yr
el
at
edornotrel
at
ed.
56
Li
keever
yot
herphenomenon,soci
almedi
aof
f
ersomebenef
i
t
sanddrawbacks.
AngelTesorer
oasser
t
st
hatsoci
almedi
aof
f
ert
hefol
l
owi
ngbenefi
t
s:Agood
t
oolt
ouset
opubl
i
ci
sewor
k,gr
oupsar
eeasi
l
yformed,foraareorgani
zedt
o
shar
ei
deasfr
om var
i
ouspar
t
sofdi
f
f
er
entcount
ri
es,peopl
esharet
hei
rdeep
t
hought
sandpar
t
i
ci
pat
emor
eeasi
l
yt
hanf
acet
ofacecommuni
cat
i
on.I
tcost
s
ver
yl
i
t
t
l
emoneyt
o setup onl
i
ne,demogr
aphi
ci
nformat
i
on can beeasi
l
y
ascer
t
ai
ned,br
eakdownofbar
r
i
er
sf
orpeopl
ewhowantt
ost
ayi
nt
ouchare
53
Chan-
Ol
mst
ed,ChoandLee,"UserPercept
i
onsofSoci
alMedi
a,
"155.
54
Chan-
Ol
mst
ed,ChoandLee,"UserPer
cept
i
onsofSoci
alMedi
a,
"155.
55
Chan-
Ol
mst
ed,ChoandLee,"UserPer
cept
i
onsofSoci
alMedi
a,
"155.
56
Chan-
Ol
mst
ed,ChoandLee,"UserPer
cept
i
onsofSoci
alMedi
a,
"156.
21
achi
evedandveri
t
i
esofpeopl
ewi
t
hdi
f
f
er
entcul
t
uresmeett
osoci
al
i
zeand
l
earnfrom eachot
her.
57
Tesoreroemphasi
set
hedr
awbacksofsoci
almedi
aas:t
heri
skofi
dent
i
t
yt
heft
andf
raud,messagehul
ki
ngformi
sr
epresent
at
i
on,userdrop-
outmaynotbe
easi
l
y i
dent
i
f
i
ed,
58
and non verbalcues oract
i
ons cannotbe st
udi
ed i
n
communi
cat
i
on.
From Tesorer
osoci
almedi
ahaveamorebenefi
t
st
handrawbacksi
ni
t
suses.
Thereforeonecanasser
tt
hatsoci
almedi
apl
at
f
ormsgi
veopport
uni
t
yforsoci
al
net
worki
ngforchur
ches,past
ors,busi
nessorgani
zat
i
on,andeducat
i
oni
stt
o
bui
l
dabrandt
hatcanpromot
et
hei
robj
ect
i
ves.
1.
7.
2Soci
alMedi
aandChri
st
i
anEvangel
i
sm.
Just
i
nWi
sedi
scussest
hehi
st
or
i
calcont
r
i
but
i
onofmedi
at
ot
hereformat
i
onof
t
he Prot
est
antchur
ches l
ed byMar
t
i
n Lut
her.Wi
se i
ndi
cat
ed t
hat
,Lut
her
t
r
ansl
at
ed t
he "Lut
her
"Bi
bl
e and senti
tt
hrough t
he cut
t
i
ng edge soci
al
t
echnol
ogyofhi
sday:t
hepr
i
nt
i
ngpr
ess,maki
ngLut
herdecl
ar
et
hepri
nt
i
ng
pr
essas"hi
ghestactofGod'
sgr
ace".Wi
sesai
d,t
hechurchi
nt
hedi
gi
t
alage
57
AngelTesorero,ed.HyaGat
dul
a,"Char
act
er
i
st
i
csofSoci
alMedi
a,
"
Homeservi
ce:the
busi
nesssoci
alresourceyouneedtouseatworkBl
og,
May13,201311:
19AM,ht
t
p:
//home
of
ser
vi
ce.
com/bl
ogs/21/t
he-
char
act
er
i
st
i
cs-
of
-
soci
al
-
medi
a/#.
Vj
DXJ-
z6151,
(
accessedonJune
27,2015)
58
AngelTesorero,"Charact
er
i
st
i
csofSoci
alMedi
a"
22
necessari
l
yr
equi
r
espeopl
eregar
dedasheret
i
csasMart
i
nLut
her,whowoul
d
havei
nt
hi
sageusedt
heent
i
r
esoci
almedi
amedi
um t
ospreadt
heGospelof
JesusChr
i
st
.
59
KwabenaJ.Asamoah-
Gyadudi
scusses,"Getont
heI
nt
ernet
!
"Sayst
heLORD:
Rel
i
gi
on,Cyber
spaceandChr
i
st
i
ani
t
yi
nCont
emporaryAfri
ca.
"Heconcl
udes
t
hat"wehaveseent
hatt
heuseoft
heI
nt
ernetasat
oolforevangel
i
sm coul
d
offerpeopl
et
heopport
uni
t
yt
obebor
nagai
nwi
t
houtbei
ngphysi
cal
l
ypresentat
t
hel
ocat
i
onofar
el
i
gi
ousser
vi
ce.
"Heasser
t
st
hat
,t
el
evangel
i
st
si
nAfri
cause
t
hemedi
ai
nl
eadi
ngpeopl
et
oChr
i
stbyaski
ngunbel
i
everst
osi
mpl
ysayt
he
si
nner'
sprayerandj
oi
ni
ngaBi
bl
e-
bel
i
evi
ngchurchfordi
rect
i
onandcounsel
.
Hesayst
hedawnoft
hei
nt
er
nethasmadet
hi
sform ofevangel
i
sm possi
bl
e.
"On t
heweb pagesofal
lt
hePent
ecost
al
/chari
smat
i
cchurchest
herear
e
summari
sedmessagesofwhati
tmeanst
or
ecei
veChri
st
,howt
odoi
tandt
hen
asi
nner
'
sprayert
or
epeat
.
"Al
so,"TheI
nt
er
nethasal
sobeent
urnedi
nt
oa
vi
r
t
uall
ocat
i
onf
orheal
i
ngandevangel
i
sm crusadest
hroughwhi
chpeopl
e
coul
dcomet
oChr
i
stt
hroughComput
erMedi
at
edCommuni
cat
i
on.
"
60
"TheSoci
alMedi
aGospel
:Shar
i
ngt
heGoodNewsi
nNew Ways,
"abook
wr
i
t
t
enbyMer
edi
t
hGoul
d.AmyAnder
sonwhor
evi
ewedt
hebooki
ndi
cat
est
hat
,
t
ousesoci
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a,Goul
dr
ecommendsi
tasasetoft
ool
st
hatcanbea
st
et
hoscope (
t
o magni
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y t
he abi
l
i
t
y t
o l
i
st
en t
o a congregat
i
on)and a
59
Wi
se,
TheSoci
alchurch:
,26-
27
60
KwabenaJ.Asamoah-
Gyadu,"Getont
heI
nt
er
net
!
"Sayst
heLORD:Rel
i
gi
on,Cyber
spaceand
Chri
st
i
ani
t
yi
nCont
emporaryAf
r
i
ca,
"
Studi
esi
nWorl
dChri
sti
ani
ty
13,no.3(
December2007)
:
225-
242.(
accessedApr
i
l17,2015)
23
megaphone(
t
omagni
fyt
heabi
l
i
t
yt
opr
ocl
ai
m God'
sword)
.Goul
dpresent
sa
comprehensi
veworkt
hatpr
omi
sest
oser
veasamast
erpl
anforanychurchor
rel
i
gi
ousorgani
zat
i
on wi
shi
ng t
o usesoci
almedi
a.Whi
l
eGoul
d doesnot
speci
fyexact
l
ywhatshoul
dbecont
ai
nedi
nsoci
almedi
apost
s,shedoesoffer
gui
del
i
nesfort
het
ypi
calki
ndsofcont
entcommuni
cat
edbychurchesandhow
t
hatcont
entcanbeeff
i
ci
ent
l
ybroadcastandmanagedusi
ngsoci
almedi
a.
61
"Mega-
ChurchPast
orTwi
t
t
erAct
i
vi
t
y:AnAnal
ysi
sofRi
ckWarrenandAndy
St
anl
ey,t
woofAmer
i
ca'
sSoci
alPast
ors,
"wasanal
yzedbySusanCodone.Her
anal
ysesoft
heTwi
t
t
eract
i
vi
t
yoft
het
wopast
orssuggest
ednewcat
egori
esor
waysformi
ni
st
r
yl
eader
s,whousesoci
almedi
a.Codone,i
ndi
cat
est
hat
,bot
h
men seen t
o use Twi
t
t
erpr
i
mar
i
l
y f
ormi
ni
st
ry promot
i
on and random
comment
s.Shesayst
hat
,t
hecombi
nedTwi
t
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eract
i
vi
t
yofbot
hpast
orsare
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amat
i
cal
l
yr
ecastasencour
agement
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rywhi
ch
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al
l
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nl
i
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rst
at
edr
ol
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i
call
eaderofmega-
chur
chesi
nt
heUni
t
edSt
at
es.
62
DannyHi
ndman,i
nr
evi
ewi
ngofEl
i
zabet
hDr
escher'
sbook,"TweetI
fYou[
Heart
]
Jesus:Pract
i
ci
ngChur
chi
nt
heDi
gi
t
alReformat
i
on
.
"assert
st
hatDrescher,
wr
i
t
esf
r
om amai
nl
i
nechur
chper
spect
i
veandconcl
udedt
hatt
hechanges
accompanyi
ngi
ncreaseduseofsoci
almedi
ar
epr
esentaradi
caldepar
t
ur
efrom
61
AmyAnder
son,"Revi
ewofTheSoci
alMedi
aGospel
:Shari
ngt
heGoodNewsi
nNew
Ways.
"Mer
edi
t
hGoul
d,
JournalofRel
i
gi
on,Medi
aandDi
gi
talCul
ture
3,no.
3(
Apr
i
l2014)
:1-
5.
(
accessedFebr
uary15,2015)
62
SusanCodone,"Megachur
chPast
orTwi
t
t
erAct
i
vi
t
y:AnAnal
ysi
sofRi
ckWarrenandAndy
St
anl
ey,t
woofAmer
i
ca'
sSoci
alPast
or
s",
JournalofRel
i
gi
on,Medi
aandDi
gi
talCul
ture
3,no.2
(
August2014)1-
32,ht
t
p:
//j
r
mdc.
com/paper
s-
ar
chi
ve/vol
ume-
3-
i
ssue-
2-
august
-
2014/,
(
accessedFebr
uary15,2015)
24
whathasgonebef
or
el
i
ket
hedaysoft
herefor
mat
i
on.Thesechangesmarkt
he
earl
yst
agesofaref
ormat
i
onoft
heChur
chforwhi
chshecal
l
sa`
di
gi
t
al
reformat
i
on
'
.
Al
t
hought
hemai
nl
i
nechur
cheswereneverabl
et
ot
akeadvant
age
oft
hepowerofbroadcast
i
ng,asevangel
i
calpreachersdi
d,Drescherbel
i
eves
t
hat
,soci
almedi
ahol
dmuchpr
omi
sef
ormai
nl
i
nechurches.
63
1.
8Si
gni
fi
canceoft
heSt
udy
Thet
radi
t
i
onalmedi
al
i
ker
adi
oandt
el
evi
si
onovert
heyearshavebeenusedby
t
el
evangel
i
st
si
npreachi
ngt
heGospel
.Atpr
esent
,acommonobservat
i
oni
st
he
useofsoci
almedi
abysomepast
or
sandt
el
evangel
i
st
s.Thest
udyai
msat
cont
r
i
but
i
ngt
ot
heknowl
edgeonhowsoci
almedi
acanbeusedforevangel
i
sm
andi
mpor
t
ant
l
yt
her
ol
esoci
almedi
acanpl
ayi
nf
ul
fi
l
l
i
ngt
heGr
eatCommi
ssi
on.
Al
so,t
hest
udydevel
opedapl
anorgui
del
i
nef
orhel
pi
ngpast
orsoronl
i
ne
evangel
i
st
st
oai
di
nsoci
almedi
aevangel
i
sm.Fi
nal
l
y,t
hest
udywi
l
lserveasa
r
esourcemat
er
i
alf
orf
urt
herr
esear
chonsoci
almedi
aandChri
st
i
anevangel
i
sm
i
nt
heGhanacont
extandt
hewor
l
datl
ar
ge.
1.
9Organi
zat
i
onsofChapt
ers
Thi
swor
kwasdi
vi
dedi
nt
of
i
vechapt
er
s.
63
DannyHi
ndman,r
evi
ewofTweetI
fYouHear
tJesus:Pr
act
i
ci
ngChur
chi
nt
heDi
gi
t
al
Reformat
i
on,El
i
sabet
hDr
escher
,
SecoundNatureJournalRevi
ew
(
June2014)
:190,
secondnat
ur
ej
ournal
.
com/El
i
zabet
h-
dr
escher
s-
t
weet
-
i
f-
you-
heart
-
Jesus-
a-
r
evi
ew/,(
accessed
Mar
ch1,2015)
25
Chapt
eroneconsi
st
sofbackgr
ound of t
hest
udy,st
at
ementofpr
obl
em,
resear
chquest
i
ons,ai
msandobj
ect
i
vesoft
hest
udy,met
hodol
ogy,l
i
t
erat
ure
revi
ew,si
gni
fi
canceofst
udyandor
gani
zat
i
onofchapt
ers.
Chapt
ert
woconsi
deredt
heemergenceofFacebookandi
t
sfeat
ures,t
heusage
ofFacebookandi
t
spot
ent
i
alforevangel
i
smandt
heuseofFacebooki
nGhana.
Chapt
ert
hreel
ookedatt
heuseofFacebookbyGhanai
anpast
orsi
nChri
st
i
ani
t
y.
Past
ors and Facebooki
n t
he Ghanai
an cont
extas wel
las t
he Facebook
act
i
vi
t
i
esofGhanai
anpast
orswasexami
ned.
Chapt
erf
ourf
ocusedont
heanal
ysi
sofdat
acol
l
ect
edandt
hecont
ri
but
i
ons
t
hatsoci
almedi
ahavemadet
oevangel
i
sm andt
heKi
ngdom ofGodatl
arge.
Chapt
erfi
ve di
scussed t
he summar
y off
i
ndi
ngs,generalconcl
usi
on and
r
ecommendat
i
onst
ot
hewor
k.
CHAPTERTWO
THEEMERGENCEOFFACEBOOKANDI
TSPOTENTI
ALUSAGEFOR
EVAGELI
SM I
NCHRI
STI
ANI
TY
2.
1I
nt
roduct
i
on
I
nchapt
erone,soci
almedi
awasexami
nedconsi
deri
ngwhati
ti
s,t
het
ypes,
char
act
er
i
st
i
cs,benef
i
t
sanddr
awbacks.Thi
schapt
erdi
scussesabri
efhi
st
ory
26
ofFacebookandi
t
sdevel
opmenti
nt
ot
hebi
ggestsoci
almedi
apl
at
form t
oday.
Thechapt
eranal
yzesFacebookand i
t
spot
ent
i
alforevangel
i
sm and how
Ghanai
anshaveembr
acedFacebookareal
soexami
ned.
2.
2TheEmergenceofFacebook
Att
heageof23,MarkZucker
ber
gst
udyi
ngpsychol
ogyatHarvardUni
versi
t
y
foundedFacebook.Asadevot
edcomput
erprogrammer
,hehaddevel
oped
ot
hersoci
alnet
wor
ki
ngsi
t
essuchasCour
semat
chandFacemashforhi
s
fol
l
owst
udent
s.
64
`
TheFacebook'wast
heori
gi
nalnamewheni
twasl
aunched
byZuckerber
gi
nFebruar
y2004.Thenameori
gi
nat
edassheet
sofpaper
di
st
r
i
but
ed t
o fr
esh st
udent
s,cont
i
nui
ng st
udent
s and st
affofHarvard
Uni
ver
si
t
yt
omakesuggest
i
onandcont
r
i
but
et
oi
t
sdevel
opment
.I
tt
ook24
hour
sf
orabout1,
200Har
var
dst
udent
st
osi
gnupandwi
t
hi
namont
hoverhal
f
oft
heunder
gr
aduat
epopul
at
i
onhadpr
of
i
l
eson`
TheFacebook'
.
65
Overt
i
mei
t
wasext
endedt
oBost
onUni
versi
t
yandi
t
sbr
anches,t
heI
vyLeagueandi
ndue
cour
seal
luni
ver
si
t
i
esi
nt
heUni
t
edSt
at
egoti
nvol
ved.I
nt
hemont
hofAugust
2005t
henamechangedt
oFacebook.
com af
t
ert
headdresswaspurchasedfor
$200,
000
66
I
nSept
ember2005,hi
ghschool
sst
udent
si
nt
heUni
t
edSt
at
escoul
d
si
gnupt
oFacebook.
com,t
heni
nNovemberi
tspr
eadt
ot
heUni
t
edKi
ngdom
64
Sar
ahPhi
l
l
i
ps,"ABr
i
efHi
st
or
yofFacebook,
"
TheGuardi
an
,Lastmodi
fi
edJul
y27,2007,
ht
t
p:
//www.
Theguar
di
an.
com/t
echnol
ogy/2007/j
ul
/25/medi
a.
newmedi
a,(
accessedJune28,
2015)
.
65
Phi
l
l
i
ps,"ABri
efHi
st
or
yofFacebook,
"
66
Phi
l
l
i
ps,"ABri
efHi
st
or
yofFacebook,
"
27
school
s.
67
I
nt
hemont
hofSept
ember2006Facebookwasext
endedbeyondeducat
i
onal
i
nst
i
t
ut
i
onst
oanyonewi
t
haval
i
dregi
st
er
edemai
laddress.
2.
3TheUseofFacebooki
nChri
st
i
ani
t
yandi
t
sPot
ent
i
alforEvangel
i
sm
St
evenI
.Wal
dschmi
dtasser
t
st
hatsomeChr
i
st
i
anl
eadersareoft
henot
i
ont
hat
t
heuseofsoci
almedi
ai
sawast
eoft
i
meandi
ti
sforyoungpeopl
e.
68
However,
i
nt
heaccount
sofLukei
nAct
s1:
8,Chr
i
st
i
ansaret
opreacht
heGospelofJesus
Chri
stunt
ot
heendsoft
heeart
h.Thati
s,t
heGospelmustreachal
lpeopl
ei
n
everyareaoft
hewor
l
d.
Theref
or
eJer
odcl
ar
kaguesi
nhi
sbook`
FacebookforChurches,
'
Whi
l
e t
here are st
i
l
lpl
ent
y ofchur
ches debat
i
ng
whet
herornott
heyshoul
duseFacebook,800mi
l
l
i
on
peopl
ear
eal
r
eadyt
her
e--i
ncl
udi
ngpeopl
efrom your
chur
ch.Youdon'
topt
-
i
nt
ousi
ngi
tanymore.Youonl
y
opt
-
out
.Andi
fyoudeci
det
oi
gnor
eFacebook,you'
re
mi
ssi
ngoutonami
ni
st
r
yoppor
t
uni
t
y.Facebookt
akes
t
i
meandi
tmaynotbeyourf
avor
i
t
et
hi
ngi
nt
heworl
d,
buti
t
'
saval
uabl
et
oolf
orcommuni
cat
i
ngwi
t
hyour
membersandr
eachi
ngoutt
ot
hei
rf
r
i
ends.
69
Asest
abl
i
shedear
l
i
erbyBai
nbr
i
dge,t
her
ei
saworl
doft
hevi
rt
ualwhi
chal
l
soci
almedi
apl
atf
ormsbel
ong.Chri
st
i
ansshoul
dnot
et
hati
ft
heGospelshoul
d
bepreachedt
oal
lpeopl
et
hensoci
almedi
acannotbeel
i
mi
nat
edbecause,
Wal
dschmi
dtdecl
ar
es"forbet
t
erorwor
se,soci
almedi
ai
swheret
hepeopl
eare,
"
67
Phi
l
l
i
ps
,
"ABri
ef
Hi
st
or
yofFacebook,
"
68
Wal
dschmi
dt
,"TheUseofFacebooki
nCongr
egat
i
onalEvangel
i
s,
"6.
69
Jer
odCl
ar
k,
FacebookforChurches
[
eBookon-
l
i
ne](
ChurchJui
ce/ReFr
ame
Medi
a,2012)
,ht
t
p:
//sq.
advent
i
st
.
or
g.
au/upl
oaded_asset
s/401960,(
accessedJune27,2015)
,3
28
i
nt
he21
st
cent
uryandwher
evert
hepeopl
eare,Chri
st
i
ansarecal
l
edt
oprocl
ai
m
t
hegospel
.
70
Ri
chard Vosko asset
s,"The pr
i
mar
ypur
pose ofusi
ng soci
almedi
a i
s t
o
est
abl
i
shandmai
nt
ai
nrel
at
i
onshi
ps,t
oconnectwi
t
handst
ayconnect
edwi
t
h
membersoft
hecongr
egat
i
on.Theaddedfeat
urei
st
hepossi
bi
l
i
t
yofat
t
ract
i
ng
someonewhoi
ssear
chi
ngf
ornew spi
ri
t
ualaffi
l
i
at
i
on.
"Voskoi
ndi
cat
est
hat
,
t
her
earepeopl
ewhogot
ot
hecommuni
t
yofsoci
almedi
at
osearchforanew
spi
ri
t
ualaff
i
l
i
at
i
onandt
hechur
chmustt
akeadvant
ageoft
hatt
oenrol
lsuch
peopl
ei
nt
ot
heKi
ngdom ofGod.
71
I
nChri
st
i
ani
t
yt
oday,mostt
el
evangel
i
st
sandpast
orswhohaveusedt
hemass
medi
asuchast
her
adi
oandt
el
evi
si
ont
opr
eacht
hegospelt
oi
mpactt
heworl
d
ar
eseenonsoci
almedi
aespeci
al
l
yFacebookpost
i
ngeveryday.Past
orssuch
asBi
l
l
yGr
aham
72
,BennyHi
nn
73
,ThomasD.Jakes
74
,Kennet
hCopel
and
75
,Mor
ri
s
Cer
ul
l
o
76
,Juani
t
aBynum
77
,andJoelOst
een
78
knownont
el
evi
si
onandradi
oi
n
mostpar
toft
hewor
l
darenowusi
ngFacebook.Bi
l
l
yGraham asofSept
ember
70
Wal
dschmi
dt
,"TheUseofFacebooki
nCongr
egat
i
onalEvangel
i
sm:APract
i
calPl
a,
n"6
71
Wal
dschmi
dt
,"TheUseofFacebooki
nCongr
egat
i
onalEvangel
i
sm:APract
i
calPl
an,
"16
72
Bi
l
l
yGraham,offi
ci
alFacebokPage,ht
t
ps:
//www.
f
acebook.
com/Rever
endBi
l
l
yGr
aham,
(
accessedAugust5,2015)
73
BennyHi
nn,of
f
i
ci
alFacebookPage,ht
t
ps:
//www.
f
acebook.
com/BennyHi
nnMi
ni
st
ri
es,
(
accessedAugust5,2015)
74
T.D.Jakes,of
fi
ci
alFacebookPage,ht
t
ps:
//www.
f
acebook.
com/bi
shopj
akes,(
accessed
August5,2015)
75
Kennet
hCopel
and,of
fi
ci
alFacebookPage,ht
t
ps:
//www.
f
acebook.
com/Copel
andNet
work,
(
accessedAugust5,2015)
76
Morr
i
sCerul
l
o,of
f
i
ci
alFacebookPage,ht
t
ps:
//www.
f
acebook.
com/of
f
i
ci
al
mor
ri
scer
ul
l
o,
(
accessedAugust5,2015)
77
Juani
t
a-
Bynum,of
f
i
ci
alFacebookPage,ht
t
ps:
//www.
f
acebook.
com/Ambassador
-
Dr-
Juani
t
a-
Bynum-
952436644796537/t
i
mel
i
ne/,(
accessedAugust5,2015)
78
JoelOst
een,of
f
i
ci
alFacebookPage,ht
t
ps:
//www.
f
acebook.
com/Joel
Ost
een,(
accessed
August5,2015)
29
13
t
h
,2015,had2,
773,
866user
swhol
i
kedhi
sFacebookpage;JoelOst
eenasat
t
hesamedat
ehad11,
655,
487f
answhol
i
kedhi
spage
79
.Thi
si
ndi
cat
est
hat
,
anyt
i
meJoelOst
eenandhi
smi
ni
st
r
ymakeapostaboutJesusover11mi
l
l
i
on
peopl
earel
i
kel
yt
or
eadaboutHi
m.Al
so,user
swhoarefri
endsoft
hese11
mi
l
l
i
onpeopl
ehavet
hechanceofr
eadi
ngaboutJesusaswel
l
.
Not
wi
t
hst
andi
ng,PopeFrancest
heheadoft
heRomanCat
hol
i
cChurchi
snot
of
f
i
ci
al
l
yonFacebooki
r
r
espect
i
veoft
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f
or
tmadebyFacebookr
epr
esent
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i
ves
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ogetHi
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ci
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l
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sonTwi
t
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eranot
hersoci
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ant
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80
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n r
eason gi
ven byCl
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o Mar
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l
it
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esi
dentoft
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i
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lofSoci
alCommuni
cat
i
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heVat
i
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st
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,t
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ekeepi
ng
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hePopeoutofFacebookoverconcer
nsaboutabusi
vecomment
s.However
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he
Vat
i
cani
si
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tofsoci
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eacht
heGospel
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l
y,
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ancescal
l
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net"
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f
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omGod"
.
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t
her
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chbi
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y,Just
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can
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chhasanof
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ci
alFacebookpagel
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kedby12,
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ember
13
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h
,2015.
82
I
nGhana,i
rr
espect
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veoft
heuset
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si
onandradi
obypast
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st
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Gospel
,soci
almedi
aespeci
al
l
yFacebooki
sbei
ngusedbypast
orssuchas
Ar
chbi
shop Ni
col
as Duncan-
Wi
l
l
i
ams,Past
orMensa Ot
abi
l
,Bi
shop Charl
es
79
Bi
l
l
yGr
aham,offi
ci
alFacebookPagel
i
ke,ht
t
ps:
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com/Rever
endBi
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yGr
aham
/l
i
kes,(
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80
"Whyt
hePopei
sonTwi
t
t
erButnotFacebook"QUARTZ,
81
"Whyt
hePopei
sonTwi
t
t
erButnotFacebook"QUARTZ,
82
Just
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nWel
by,TheArchbi
shopofCant
erbur
yof
f
i
ci
alFacebookPage,ht
t
ps:
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com/archbi
shopof
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erbur
y,(
accessedAugust5,2015)
30
Agyi
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l
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s.Al
lt
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t
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ves
ani
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cat
i
ont
hatsoci
almedi
ai
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or
ceandat
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obeusedi
nadvanci
ngt
he
GreatCommi
ssi
on.
2.
4HowGhanai
anshaveembracedFacebook
Accordi
ngt
oDr
eamovalwebsi
t
e,Al
exa
83
r
anksFacebookast
hel
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ngsoci
al
medi
asi
t
esvi
si
t
edbyGhanai
ansonl
i
nei
n2011.
84
Facebookadvert
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si
ngt
ool
si
n
t
hesameyearassert
edt
hatt
her
eare1,
096,
600Ghanai
anusersonFacebook.
85
I
nt
ernetWorl
dSt
at
i
st
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cRepor
tshowst
hatasatMarch31
st
2012,Ghanai
an
subscri
bersonFacebookwer
e1,
146,
560peopl
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085,
501represent
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ng
55%ofi
nt
er
netuser
si
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86
Amongt
hemobi
l
ei
nt
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si
n2015,Facebookwasrankedt
hemostused
soci
almedi
a pl
at
f
or
m i
n Ghana wi
t
h 94.
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l
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t
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,
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,Googl
e+(
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87
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her
mor
e,Facebookr
anksf
i
r
sti
n Ghana among t
heuser
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t
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nt
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83
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sandmakespubl
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ct
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equencyofvi
si
t
sonvar
i
ousWebsi
t
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84
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a:Justf
orFunorser
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ousbusi
ness,
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ember16,
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p:
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86
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onRepor
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,
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nessNews,l
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l
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ps:
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87
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alMedi
aUsageSt
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st
i
cs i
n Ghana"St
at
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com,
ht
t
ps:
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31
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88
From t
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bersofFacebooki
nGhana
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ncreaseever
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.Chri
st
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ansi
nGhanashoul
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mat
et
hepowerof
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dal
soconsi
deri
tamongt
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ool
sforevangel
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sm.
2.
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nt
he21
st
cent
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et
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obalvi
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l
age,peopl
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om al
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et
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l
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egat
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rom di
st
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ons.Facebookbreaksbar
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si
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88
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kUsageSt
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com,ht
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ps:
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89
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onalEvangel
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orshavemi
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henextsect
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onorchapt
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l
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scusst
heusageof
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anpast
ors.
CHAPTERTHREE
THEUSEOFFACEBOOKBYGHANAI
ANPASTORS
3.
1I
nt
roduct
i
on
Thepr
evi
ouschapt
erdi
scussedt
heemer
genceofFacebookandi
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orevangel
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sm i
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st
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y.Mar
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nest
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ect
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vesoft
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sst
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egor
i
si
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heFacebookact
i
vi
t
i
esof
Ghanai
anpast
ors.
3.
2TheUseofFacebookbyGhanai
anPast
ors
Att
hi
spoi
nti
nhi
st
ory,t
echnol
ogydevi
cessuchasl
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ops,smart
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hr
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ncommuni
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92
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sSmi
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nt
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93
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sst
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t
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akeadvant
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eatCommi
ssi
on.
I
nGhana,past
or
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ngsoci
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at
formssuchasFacebookand
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t
t
er.Accor
di
ng t
o soci
al
baker
s,
94
st
at
i
st
i
cs on Ghanai
an past
ors usi
ng
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ndi
cat
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nt
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yandAugust2015,Past
orMensa
Ot
abi
l
'
sFacebookpagewast
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ast
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t
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91
Wal
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nCongr
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Wal
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nCongr
egat
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onalEvangel
i
sm,
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93
Wal
dschmi
dt
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nCongr
egat
i
onalEvangel
i
sm,
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94
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baker
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heFacebookMar
ket
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l
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at
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am,Googl
e+andVK.
34
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95
Soci
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bakersi
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,amongt
het
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nGhana,asatAugust19,
2015,Ghanai
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Thesepast
or
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cchurchesi
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ght
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Fr
om t
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csabove,amongt
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t
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nGhana,t
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Adi
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y Facebook. A soci
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lwheni
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ai
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95
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at
i
st
i
cs,
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baker
s,l
astmodi
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i
edAugust19,2015,
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t
p:
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com/st
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acebook/pages/det
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96
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at
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butexpect
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hatt
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c,Ort
hodoxandt
hePent
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Ghanat
oexpl
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uni
t
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eader
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cAr
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oceseofAccraasofSept
ember13,
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ci
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kedby9,
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t
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nceMay12,2013.
97
AsatSept
ember
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h,2015,Rev.Fr
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mpongManso,l
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o,Bi
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i
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ps:
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t
ps:
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acebook.
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ember11
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ps:
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ember11
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36
Thedi
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cat
edt
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ti
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mport
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hechurches
andpast
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nGhanat
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nsoci
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ai
ft
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heGospel
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at
edt
hatanumberofChri
st
i
anshavel
i
fest
yl
est
hat
revol
ve around t
he use of smar
t
phones. These Chri
st
i
ans use t
hese
smart
phones t
o access bi
bl
e ver
ses and even whi
l
e sermons are bei
ng
preachedt
heyfocusonsoci
almedi
a.Theref
ore,i
twi
l
lbeofkeyi
nt
erestt
o
everyGhanai
anPast
ororchur
cht
oengagepeopl
eonsoci
almedi
a.
3.
3FacebookAct
i
vi
t
i
esofGhanai
anPast
ors
Accordi
ngt
oBri
t
t
anyN.Br
ant
l
ey,t
heI
nt
er
netandsoci
alnet
works(
soci
almedi
a)
"havegi
venchur
chesandt
hei
rpast
or
sanot
hermedi
um t
ocommuni
cat
ewi
t
ha
br
oadernumberofpeopl
eandspr
eadt
hei
rgospel
.I
ncreasi
ngl
y,past
orsare
cr
eat
i
ngFacebookandTwi
t
t
erpagest
or
el
ayt
hei
rr
el
i
gi
ousmessages.
"
101
However
,sheseesaprobl
em ar
i
si
ngwher
ebypast
or
suset
hesamepl
at
forms
t
or
el
ayt
hei
r"personalfeel
i
ngsaboutpol
i
t
i
cs.
"Shear
guest
hatt
hei
nt
ernetand
soci
almedi
ai
sanoppor
t
uni
t
yt
opr
eachbeyondapast
or'
scongregat
i
on.
102
However
,i
nt
hecaseofGhana,ei
ght
eenpar
t
i
ci
pant
sassert
edt
hatt
herearefi
ve
basi
cmessagesGhanai
anpast
or
spostonFacebook.Thesemessagescanbe
cl
assi
f
i
edorgr
oupedas:i
nspi
r
at
i
onalmessages,i
nvi
t
at
i
onforprogrammes,
101
Br
i
t
t
anyN.Br
ant
l
ey,"
BeyondPol
i
t
i
csi
nt
hePul
pi
t
:WhenPast
or
sUseSoci
alNet
workst
o
Pr
eachPol
i
t
i
cs;
Not
e,
"
JournalofLegi
sl
ati
on
38,no.2(
January2012)
:271-
294,
ht
t
p:
//schol
ar
shi
p.
l
aw.
nd.
edu/cgi
/vi
ewcont
ent
.
cgi
?ar
t
i
cl
e=1012&cont
ext
=j
l
eg,(
accessedJul
y
7,2015)
102
Br
ant
l
ey,"
BeyondPol
i
t
i
csi
nt
hePul
pi
t
,
"276.
37
i
magebrandi
ng,evangel
i
st
i
cmessagesandseeki
ngfeedbackfrom fol
l
owers.
Thesecl
assi
fi
cat
i
onshavebeendi
scussedf
urt
herbel
ow:
3.
3.
1I
nspi
rat
i
onalMessages
I
nt
heworkofToddM.ThrashandAndrew J.El
l
i
oti
nspi
rat
i
onreferst
o"a
breat
hi
ng i
n ori
nfusi
on ofsome i
dea,purpose,et
c.i
nt
o t
he mi
nd;t
he
suggest
i
on,awakeni
ng,orcr
eat
i
onofsomef
eel
i
ngori
mpul
se,especi
al
l
yofan
exal
t
ed ki
nd.
"
103
Thr
ash and El
l
i
oti
ndi
cat
e t
hati
n t
he ori
gi
nalusage of
i
nspi
rat
i
on,i
tr
ef
er
st
o"ani
nfl
uencebyasupernat
uralbei
ngi
nwhi
cht
he
i
ndi
vi
duali
susedasani
nst
rumentf
ort
hedel
i
veryofdi
vi
net
rut
hs.
"
104
They
assertt
hati
nt
heaccountofJudeo-
Chr
i
st
i
ani
nwri
t
i
ngofscri
pt
ure,i
nspi
rat
i
on
"i
saGod-
gi
vencapaci
t
yt
ot
r
ansmi
tt
hewor
dofGod,whet
herdi
rect
l
yoras
medi
at
edbyt
hewr
i
t
er
'
sexper
i
enceori
nt
er
pr
et
at
i
onofadi
vi
neencount
er.
"
105
Ont
hatnot
e,sevent
eenpar
t
i
ci
pant
si
ndi
cat
edt
hatmanyGhanai
anpast
ors
sendmessageswhi
chsomet
i
mesar
ebackedbyt
heBi
bl
eoral
i
f
eexperi
encet
o
encouraget
hei
rf
ol
l
ower
snott
ogi
veupandpressonunt
i
lt
heyachi
evet
hei
r
obj
ect
i
vesi
nl
i
f
e.Past
or
ssuchast
heAr
chbi
shopNi
col
asDuncanWi
l
l
i
ams
106
,
Past
orDr
.MensaOt
abi
l
,
107
Bi
shopChar
l
esAgyi
nasare,
108
Bi
shopDagHeward-
103
ToddM.Thr
ashandAndrewJ.El
l
i
ot"I
nspi
r
at
i
onasaPsychol
ogi
calConst
ruct
,
"
Journalof
Personal
i
tyandSoci
alPsychol
ogy
84,no.4(
2003)
:87189,ht
t
ps:
//www.
psych.
rochest
er
.
edu
/r
esearch/apav/publ
i
cat
i
ons/document
s/2003_Thr
ashEl
l
i
ot
_I
nspi
rat
i
onasapsychol
ogi
cal
const
ruct
.
pdf
,(
accessedJul
y8,2015)
104
Thr
ashandEl
l
i
ot"I
nspi
r
at
i
onasaPsychol
ogi
calConst
r
uct
,
"871
105
Thr
ashandEl
l
i
ot"I
nspi
r
at
i
onasaPsychol
ogi
calConst
r
uct
,
"871
106
Ar
chbi
shopDuncan-
Wi
l
l
i
ams,FacebookPost
,August21,2015(
02:
56pm)
,ht
t
ps:
//www
.
f
acebook.
com/ar
chbi
shopduncanwi
l
l
i
ams/vi
deos/10153555976137964/,(
accessed
Sept
ember11
t
h
2015)
107
MensaOt
abi
l
,FacebookPost
,Sept
ember12,2015(
03:
00am)
,ht
t
ps:
//www.
f
acebook.
com
38
Mi
l
l
i
s
109
ever
ydaycont
i
nuousl
ypost
si
nspi
r
at
i
onalmessageson Facebook.
Past
orRi
char
dC.Whi
t
comb,f
ounderandseni
orpast
orofAgapeHouseNew
Test
amentChurchonhi
soff
i
ci
alFacebookpageasatAugust19t
h2015hadi
n
hi
s`
AboutPast
orC.Whi
t
comb,FacebookPageI
nformat
i
on'
,i
si
nscri
bedas:"Hi
Fri
ends!I
'
m Past
orRi
chard Whi
t
comb.Ever
y day Isend an i
nspi
rat
i
onal
messaget
omyf
ri
ends.Si
gnupt
odayt
obeaFan,andsuggestt
hi
spaget
o
fri
endsbycl
i
cki
ngt
hel
i
nk"
Shar
e"
.Godbl
essyou!
"
110
A part
i
ci
pantnot
edt
hatAr
chbi
shopNi
col
asDuncan-
Wi
l
l
i
ams,Past
orMensa
Ot
abi
l
,Bi
shopDagHewar
d-
Mi
l
l
i
spr
act
i
seaki
ndofi
nspi
rat
i
onalmessagewhi
ch
hecal
l
s`
Fai
t
hDecl
ar
at
i
onConf
essi
onal
'messages.Al
so,i
twasnot
edt
hatt
he
Chai
rmanoft
heChurchofPent
ecost
,Apost
l
eDr
.OpukuOnyi
nah
111
andt
he
l
eaderofChr
i
stApost
ol
i
cChur
chI
nt
er
nat
i
onal
,Apost
l
eDr
.St
ephenAmoani
112
havebeenact
i
vewheni
tcomest
osendi
ngi
nspi
rat
i
onalmessages.However,
amongt
heRomanCat
hol
i
cs,Or
t
hodoxandPent
ecost
alchurches,muchi
snot
seenfr
omt
hem.
/mensaot
abi
l
/post
s/10155976106010117,(
accessedSept
ember12
t
h
2015)
108
Bi
shopChar
l
esAgyi
nasar
e,FacebookPost
,August16,2015(
04:
30am)
ht
t
ps:
//www.
f
acebook.
com/Bi
shop.
Charl
es.
Agyi
nasar
e/post
s/10153604003999337,
(
accessedSept
ember11
t
h
2015)
109
Bi
shopDagHewar
d-
Mi
l
l
s,FacebookPost
,Sept
ember12,2015(
09:
01pm)
ht
t
ps:
//www.
f
acebook.
com/daghewardmi
l
l
s.
or
g/post
s/10153689355733623,(
accessed
Sept
ember11
t
h
2015)
110
Past
or
-
Ri
char
dC.Whi
t
comb,FacebookI
nf
or
mat
i
on,ht
t
ps:
//www.
f
acebook.
com/Past
or-
Ri
chard-
C-
Whi
t
comb-
105360584334/i
nfo?t
ab=page_i
nf
o,(
accessedSept
ember11
t
h
2015)
111
Apost
l
eOpokuOnyi
nah,FacebookPost
,Sept
ember15,2015,(
07:
30pm)
,ht
t
ps:
//www.
f
acebook.
com/Aps.
opokuonyi
nah/phot
os/a.
1557799247772764.
1073741828.
1557671437785
545/1650953285124026/?t
ype=1,(
accessedSept
ember16
t
h
2015)
112
Apost
l
eSt
ephenAmoani
,FacebookTi
mel
i
ne,ht
t
ps:
//www.
f
acebook.
com/Apost
l
e-
Dr
-
St
ephen-
Amoani
-
190431694311920/t
i
mel
i
ne/,(
accessedSept
ember16
t
h
2015)
39
3.
3.
2I
nvi
t
at
i
onforPrograms
From t
hevi
ewsofni
net
eenpar
t
i
ci
pant
s,t
hesecondact
i
vi
t
yGhanai
anpast
or'
s
postonFacebooki
si
nvi
t
at
i
onf
orprogr
ammesandweekl
yact
i
vi
t
i
esoft
hei
r
churches.
Merri
am Webst
erdi
ct
i
onar
ydef
i
nesi
nvi
t
at
i
onasawri
t
t
enorspokenrequest
forsomeone t
o go somewher
e ort
o do somet
hi
ng orsomet
hi
ng t
hat
encouragessomeonet
odosomet
hi
ngort
hatmakessomet
hi
ngmorel
i
kel
yt
o
happen.
113
Vocabul
l
ary.
com hasdef
i
nedi
nvi
t
at
i
onas"arequest
,asol
i
ci
t
at
i
on
oranat
t
emptt
ogetanot
herper
sont
oj
oi
nyouataspeci
fi
cevent
.
"
114
Mi
ni
st
ers
suchasDagHewar
d-
Mi
l
l
i
s,MensaOt
abi
l
,Duncan-
Wi
l
l
i
ams,Sam KronkyeAnkra,
andRi
char
dC.Whi
t
combusual
l
yengagei
nt
hi
sact
i
vi
t
y.Amongt
hem,Charl
es
Aygi
nAsar
eofPerezChapelI
nt
ernat
i
onalst
andsoutbypost
i
ngeverySunday
passageandt
opi
ct
obet
r
eat
edandever
ymont
hgi
vesafocusonprogramst
he
chur
chwi
l
lbeor
gani
si
ng.
3.
3.
3I
mageBrandi
ng
Twent
y(
20)par
t
i
ci
pant
sasser
t
edt
hat
,Ghanai
anpast
orsonFacebookhave
beenpr
act
i
si
ngwhatt
heycal
l
ed`
I
mageBr
andi
ng.
'A part
i
ci
pantnot
edt
hat
i
magebr
andi
ngonsoci
almedi
ai
nr
espectt
oChri
st
i
ani
t
yi
st
heconsi
st
ent
sendi
ngofpi
ct
ur
es,vi
deos,ofwher
epast
or
spreacht
oshowwhatachurchor
past
orhavei
nt
ermsoft
hei
rmessagesandweal
t
h.Two(
2)par
t
i
ci
pant
sadded
113
"Ful
lDef
i
ni
t
i
onofI
nvi
t
at
i
on"Mer
ri
am-
Webst
er
,ht
t
p:
//www.
mer
ri
am-
webst
er
.
com
/di
ct
i
onar
y/i
nvi
t
at
i
on(
accessedSept
ember11
t
h
2015)
114
"I
nvi
t
at
i
on"Vocabi
l
ar
y.
com,ht
t
p:
//www.
vocabul
ar
y.
com/di
ct
i
onary/i
nvi
t
at
i
on,(
accessed
Sept
ember11
t
h
2015)
40
t
hat
,br
andi
ng(
i
mage)i
swhatpast
orsandchurchesaredoi
ngt
odi
st
i
nct
t
hemsel
ves and t
o show whatt
hey st
and fori
n mi
ni
st
ry.Fori
nst
ance,
Archbi
shopNi
col
asDuncan-
Wi
l
l
i
amshaspr
ovenonsoci
almedi
at
hathei
sa
manofprayerandst
andsf
orprayer.Hi
st
eachi
ngsandprogrammesonsoci
al
medi
ai
smoreonpr
ayer.Exampl
eoft
hati
st
heconst
antannouncementofal
l
-
ni
ghtpr
ayergat
her
i
ngsandnat
i
onalpr
ayerconferencesorgani
sedbyHi
m
115
Past
orMensaOt
abi
lhaspr
ovent
obeamanwhost
andsforgoodl
eadershi
p
andhasbui
l
tast
r
ongbr
andt
oat
t
ai
nt
hef
ast
estgrowi
ngFacebookpagei
n
Ghana.
116
Amet
or
gohaddedt
hatpost
i
ngt
henextcarandhousesboughtbya
Ghanai
anpast
orhaveal
evelofi
nf
l
uencet
oevangel
i
sm.Heasset
st
hatt
here
ar
ecl
assesofpeopl
ewhocanonl
ybemovedt
orepent
ancewhent
heweal
t
ha
past
orhavet
oprovet
hatt
heGodt
heyar
ef
ol
l
owi
ngi
snotapoorGod.
3.
3.
4Evangel
i
st
i
cMessages
DerekTi
dbal
lar
guest
hatevangel
i
sm i
spr
eachi
ngt
he"aut
hori
t
yoft
heBi
bl
e,t
he
needforconver
si
on,t
hecent
r
al
i
t
yoft
hecr
ossandfai
t
hi
sact
i
ve,notl
easti
n
mi
ssi
on.
"
117
However
,TonyMi
anodef
i
nesevangel
i
sm as"t
heannouncement
,
pr
ocl
amat
i
on,and/orpreachi
ngoft
he
gospel
(
1Cor.15:
1-
4)
,t
hegoodnewsof
andabout
JesusChr
i
st
.Ther
ef
or
e,t
hegospeli
sacommuni
cat
edmessage-
-
communi
cat
edi
nver
bal(
Luke7:
22,
Rom.10:
14-
17)and/orwr
i
t
t
en(
Luke1:
1-
4)
115
Archbi
shopDuncan-
Wi
l
l
i
ams,FacebookPost
,Sept
ember18,2015(
06:
27pm)
ht
t
ps:
//www.
f
acebook.
com/ar
chbi
shopduncanwi
l
l
i
ams/post
s/10153623754657964,(
accessed
Sept
ember18
t
h
,
2015)
116
"GhanaFacebookPageSt
at
i
st
i
cs,
"Soci
al
baker
s,
117
"I
nt
er
vi
ewwi
t
hDer
ekTi
dbal
l
,
"Ki
ng'
sEvangel
i
calDi
vi
ni
t
ySchool
,l
astmodi
fi
edOct
ober
,2010,
ht
t
ps:
//www.
ki
ngsdi
vi
ni
t
y.
or
g/t
heol
ogi
cal
/28col
l
ege/t
heol
ogi
cal
-
art
i
cl
es/166-
12,(
accessed
Jul
y27,2015)
41
form.
"
118
Ther
ef
or
e,accordi
ngt
oMi
anot
heGospeli
scommuni
cat
edverbal
l
y
andi
nwri
t
t
enfor
m.
119
Sevenpar
t
i
ci
pant
si
ndi
cat
edt
hatsoci
almedi
acommuni
cat
i
oni
sbot
hverbal
andwri
t
t
en.Nonet
hel
ess,apar
t
i
ci
pantemphasi
sedt
hatwri
t
t
encommuni
cat
i
on
i
smoreonmostsoci
almedi
apl
at
f
or
msexceptpl
at
f
ormssuchasYouTubeand
I
nst
agram whi
ch i
s much mor
e vi
deos and pi
ct
ures respect
i
vel
y.Ni
ne
part
i
ci
pant
s argue t
hatmostGhanai
an past
ors do notpostevangel
i
st
i
c
messages on Facebook.Nonet
hel
ess,Bennet
tgave exampl
es ofBi
shop
Charl
esAgyi
nAsare'
s,Bi
shopDagHewar
d-
Mi
l
l
i
sandApost
l
eOpukuOnyi
nah
whooncei
nawhi
l
epostevangel
i
st
i
cmessages.However,apart
i
ci
pantsai
d
mostpast
or
si
nt
hePent
ecost
aldenomi
nat
i
onsaremoreevangel
i
st
i
consoci
al
medi
at
hant
heChar
i
smat
i
cChur
ches.Hement
i
onst
heChai
rmanoft
heChurch
ofPent
ecostApost
l
eOpukuOnyi
nahasanexampl
e.
3.
3.
5Feedbackfrom Fol
l
owers
Si
xt
eenpar
t
i
ci
pant
si
ndi
cat
edt
hatGhanai
anpast
or
sonFacebookpostwhati
s
t
er
medas`
feedbackoni
ssuesf
r
om f
ol
l
ower
s'
.JohnHat
t
i
eandHel
enTi
mperl
e
i
ndi
cat
et
hatf
eedback"i
sconcept
ual
i
zedasi
nformat
i
onprovi
dedbyanagent
(
e.
g.
,t
eacher,peer
,book,par
ent
,sel
f
,exper
i
ence)regardi
ngaspect
sofone'
s
per
f
ormanceorunder
st
andi
ng.
"
120
118
"Whati
sEvangel
i
sm?"Chr
i
st
i
anApol
oget
i
csandResearchMi
ni
st
ry(
CARM)
,ht
t
ps:
//car
m.
or
g/what
-
i
s-
evangel
i
sm,(
accessedAugust2,2015)
119
"Whati
sEvanasgel
i
sm?"Chr
i
st
i
anApol
oget
i
csandResearchMi
ni
st
ry(
CARM)
,
120
JohnHat
t
i
eandHel
enTi
mperl
ey,"ThePowerofFeedback"
Revi
ewOfEducati
onalResearch
77,no.1(
Mar
ch2007)
,81112,ht
t
p:
//educat
i
on.
ql
d.
gov.
au/st
aff
/devel
opment
42
Fourt
eenpart
i
ci
pant
sadvancedt
hepoi
ntt
hatPast
orMensaOt
abi
landApost
l
e
Opuku Onyi
nah ar
eexampl
esofGhanai
an past
orswho engagei
n get
t
i
ng
feedbackfrom t
hei
rfol
l
ower
s.Fori
nst
ancePast
orMensaOt
abi
laft
erevery
maj
orprogrammeaskshi
sfol
l
owerswhatt
heyl
earntorwhatt
heyremember.
Al
so,t
heset
womenofGodaskf
ol
l
ower
swhatt
heyl
earntatchurchonagi
ven
Sunday.
121/122
El
evenpar
t
i
ci
pant
sassert
edt
hatseeki
ngfeedbackbyGhanai
an
past
orshel
pst
hem t
opl
anwel
lforf
ut
urepr
ogrammesandaccesst
heki
ndof
fol
l
owerst
heyhaveonFacebook.
3.
4Concl
usi
on
I
nt
hi
schapt
er,t
hest
udyhasanswer
edonekeyobj
ect
i
vet
hati
s,t
oexpl
oret
he
t
hemes ofFacebook post
i
ngs ofGhanai
an past
ors.I
twas reveal
ed t
hat
Ghanai
an past
or
s posti
nspi
r
at
i
onalmessages,i
nvi
t
at
i
on ofprogrammes,
br
andi
ngoft
hei
ri
mage,evangel
i
st
i
cmessagesandseeki
ngoffeedbackfrom
t
hei
rf
ol
l
ower
s.
Ar
chbi
shopTi
mot
hyM.Dol
an,archbi
shopofNewYorkRomanCat
hol
i
cChurch
i
nendor
si
ngBr
andonVogt
'
sbook"TheChur
chandNew Medi
a"wr
ot
e"my
expect
at
i
oni
st
hatt
hi
sbookwi
l
lgi
vet
heChurchcourageandwi
sdom t
o
/per
f
or
mance/r
esources/readi
ngs/power
-
f
eedback.
pdf,(
accessedJul
y27,2015)
121
Apost
l
eOpokuOnyi
nah,FacebookPost
,Sept
ember13,2015(
10:
41am)
,ht
t
ps:
//www.
f
acebook.
com/Aps.
opokuonyi
nah/phot
os/a.
1557799247772764.
1073741828.
1557671437785
545/1650382608514427/?t
ype=3(
accessedSept
ember14,2015)
122
MensaOt
abi
l
,FacebookPost
,August2,2015(
05:
30am)
,ht
t
ps:
//www.
f
acebook.
com/
mensaot
abi
l
/phot
os/a.
310527550116.
329291.
130834395116/10155842151465117/?t
ype=3,
(
accessedAugust3,2015)
43
embraceNew Medi
aasoneoft
hepremi
ergi
ft
sofGodt
oevangel
i
st
sofour
day.
"
123
Archbi
shopTi
mot
hyM.Dol
ani
ndi
cat
est
hatt
henew medi
awhi
ch
soci
almedi
ai
sapar
tof
,i
sagi
ftfr
om Godandal
lchurchesshoul
dembracei
t
.
CHAPTERFOUR
DI
SCUSSI
NGTHEUSAGEOFFACEBOOKBYGHANAI
ANPASTORSANDI
TS
I
NFLUENCEONEVANGELI
SM
4.
1I
nt
roduct
i
on
I
nChapt
ert
hree,adi
scussi
onoft
heuseofFacebookbyGhanai
anpast
orswas
expl
or
ed.St
at
i
st
i
cs on Ghanai
an past
or
s Facebook presence was al
so
pr
esent
ed.I
tanswer
edoneresear
chquest
i
onbycat
egori
zi
ngt
heFacebook
act
i
vi
t
i
esofGhanai
anpast
or
s.
Codone,i
nherar
t
i
cl
esst
at
edt
hatchur
chl
eader
sshoul
dusesoci
almedi
aas
bot
hast
et
hoscope(
t
ol
i
st
ent
ohi
scongr
egat
i
on)andamegaphone(
t
omagni
fy
t
heprocl
amat
i
onofGod'
swor
d)
.
124
Ther
ef
or
e,i
nt
hi
schapt
er,t
heresearcher
exami
nesi
ssuesi
nt
hel
i
ghtofpr
esent
at
i
onsmadei
nchapt
ert
hreei
nrel
at
i
on
123
Br
andonVogt
,
TheChurchandNewMedi
a:Bl
oggi
ngconverts,Onl
i
neActi
vi
standBi
shops
whoTweet
(
Hunt
i
ngt
on:SundayVi
si
t
orPubl
i
shi
ngDi
vi
si
on,2011)11,ht
t
p:
//www.
Chur
ch
andnewmedi
a.
com/wp-
cont
ent
/TheChur
chandNewMedi
aSampl
e.
pdf
,(
accessedAugust1,
2015)
124
Codone,"MegachurchPast
orTwi
t
t
erAct
i
vi
t
y,
"29.
44
t
ot
heresearchquest
i
onr
ai
sedi
nt
hi
sst
udy.Thi
schapt
erpresent
showt
hese
act
i
vi
t
i
es i
nf
l
uence evangel
i
sm and t
her
ef
ore i
t
s i
mpact on t
he Great
Commi
ssi
on.Thei
ssuest
hatemergear
edi
scussedal
ongsi
det
hevi
ewsof
ot
herschol
ars.
Al
so,t
hechapt
erdi
scusseshowt
heuseofFacebookhasbenefi
t
edchurchesof
Ghanai
anpast
or
sandapr
oposedst
r
at
egyi
spresent
edasast
ereot
ypefor
evangel
i
st
i
cworki
nsoci
almedi
a.Thevar
i
oust
hemesort
opi
csrai
sedi
nt
hi
s
chapt
erwer
edevel
opedoutoft
her
emai
ni
ngresearchquest
i
onsi
nordert
o
achi
evet
hei
rcorrespondi
ngobj
ect
i
ve.
4.
2Fol
l
owersofGhanai
anPast
orsonFacebook
Ever
ypr
eachershoul
dknow hi
sorheraudi
encei
nordert
oaddresst
hem
pr
operl
y.Thi
si
deaappl
i
est
ot
heonl
i
neevangel
i
stt
oknow whoheorshei
s
addressi
ngonsoci
almedi
ai
nor
dert
ost
r
at
egi
cal
l
yposi
t
i
onhi
m orhersel
fon
whatt
osayandhowt
osayi
t
.Fort
heabover
eason,aresearchquest
i
onwas
sett
oaddr
esst
heobj
ect
i
veoff
i
ndi
ngoutt
hef
ol
l
owersofGhanai
anpast
orson
Facebookandwhyt
hesepeopl
ef
ol
l
owt
hem.
Ont
hatnot
e,al
lt
het
went
y-
onepar
t
i
ci
pant
sassert
edt
hatpeopl
ewhofol
l
ow
Ghanai
anpast
or
scomef
r
om var
i
ousf
i
el
dsandrel
i
gi
ons.Theysai
donecan
f
i
ndaccount
ant
s,doct
or
s,st
udent
s,amongot
her
sf
ol
l
owpast
orsi
nGhanaone
wayort
heot
her
.Twopar
t
i
ci
pant
semphasi
sedt
hatt
heyhaveanexperi
ence
wheremarketwomenappr
oacht
hem r
equi
r
i
ngt
heopeni
ngofaFacebook
45
accounti
nt
hei
rnamest
of
ol
l
owcer
t
ai
npast
or
si
nGhana.
Apart
i
ci
pantst
at
edt
hatgonewer
et
hedays,peopl
et
hi
nksoci
almedi
ai
sj
ust
fort
heyout
horyoungergenerat
i
on.Hesai
dt
hatpeopl
ewhoareadvancedi
n
ageal
soconnectwi
t
hf
r
i
endsonFacebook.
Mi
chaelMi
l
l
eri
nhi
swor
k"under
st
andi
ngFacebookFri
endsandFol
l
owers"
i
ndi
cat
est
hatwhenauserhasaboutat
housandfol
l
owersorfri
endsheorshe
shoul
dbeari
nmi
ndt
hatwhat
everi
spost
edcanbeseenbyt
hefri
endsofhi
sor
hert
housandfr
i
ends. Ther
ef
or
e,past
orsshoul
dnot
et
hatt
herearel
ot
sof
usersfol
l
owi
ngt
hem t
ogeti
nspi
r
edmor
et
hani
tappearsont
hei
rt
i
mel
i
ne.
125
WhyGhanai
anpast
orsarefol
l
owedonFacebook?
Fi
f
t
eenpar
t
i
ci
pant
swhof
ol
l
owt
hesepast
or
sonFacebookassert
edt
hatt
oget
i
nspi
r
edforeverydayact
i
vi
t
i
eswi
t
hmessagesofencouragementi
soneoft
he
r
easonswhyt
heyfol
l
ow Ghanai
anpast
or
s.Apar
t
i
ci
pantwhowasaMusl
i
m
sai
dt
hat
,shebecameaChr
i
st
i
anont
heaccountoffol
l
owi
ngPast
orMensah
Ot
abi
l
'
sFaceebookpage.Shesai
dhi
smessagesi
nspi
redherdai
l
yasshe
accessesFacebookt
oread"Wor
dsofWi
sdom"f
romPast
orMensaOt
abi
l
.
Twel
ve part
i
ci
pant
s i
ndi
cat
ed t
hat
,t
heywantt
o see t
he nextprogramme
or
gani
sedbyapart
i
cul
armanofGodsot
heycanbepartofsuchprogrammes
ast
hereason off
ol
l
owi
ng past
or
son Facebook.Al
so,seven part
i
ci
pant
s
i
ndi
cat
edt
hatt
heyfol
l
owGhanai
anpast
or
ssot
heycanuset
hei
rpost
sfordai
l
y
125
"Underst
andi
ngFacebookFr
i
endsandFol
l
ower
s,
"Pear
sonQue,l
astmodi
fi
edApri
l17,2013,
ht
t
p:
//www.
quepubl
i
shi
ng.
com/ar
t
i
cl
es/art
i
cl
e.
aspx?p=2036563,(
accessedAugust17,2015)
46
medi
t
at
i
onwi
t
ht
heHol
ySpi
r
i
t
.However,noneoft
herespondent
scl
ai
medt
o
fol
l
owGhanai
anpast
or
sbecauset
heywantt
orecei
veevangel
i
st
i
cmessages.
Anot
herpart
i
ci
pantemphasi
sedt
hat
,heknowsafri
endwhoi
saBuddhi
stbut
fol
l
owscert
ai
nmenofGodi
nGhanaonFacebookt
oknowwhati
shappeni
ngi
n
Chri
st
i
ani
t
y.
From t
heongoi
ngdi
scussi
on,someconcl
usi
onscanbedrawnfrom usi
ng
soci
almedi
ai
nful
f
i
l
l
i
ngt
heGr
eatCommi
ssi
on.Thati
s,past
orsandChri
st
i
ans
shoul
dkeepi
nmi
ndt
hatonsoci
almedi
at
heyar
efol
l
owedbydi
fferentpeopl
e
suchasMusl
i
ms,Buddhi
st
sandmanyot
herr
el
i
gi
ousgroups.Mostoft
hem are
ont
hepl
at
formst
ogeti
nspi
r
edandknowwhati
shappeni
ngi
nChri
st
i
anci
rcl
es
i
nGhana.
4.
3Benefi
t
sofFacebookt
ot
heChurchesofGhanai
anPast
ors
JasonCast
onemphasi
sest
hatwhi
l
ewor
ki
ngwi
t
hThomasD.JakesMi
ni
st
ry,
asasoci
almedi
aexpert
,hehadagr
eatoppor
t
uni
t
yt
oseet
hei
mpactofsoci
al
medi
aandhowi
tcani
mpactmi
l
l
i
ons.
126
Heasser
t
st
hatf
rom 2010t
o2014,t
he
mi
ni
st
r
yhad3.
6mi
l
l
i
onFacebookf
ans,1.
7mi
l
l
i
onTwi
t
t
erfol
l
owersandover8
mi
l
l
i
onYout
ubevi
ewer
s.
127
Hesai
d,Bi
shopThomasD.Jakesdeci
dedt
ost
arta
pr
ayerchai
ni
nt
hei
rmi
ni
st
r
yt
her
ef
or
e"onemorni
ngpost
edonFacebookand
askedpeopl
et
oaddt
ot
hepr
ayer
.Aboutt
wohour
sl
at
er,wi
t
hoverami
l
l
i
on
126
JasonCast
on,"WhyYourOr
gani
zat
i
onshoul
dbeonSoci
alMedi
a,
"
JasonCastonBl
og
,
February12,2014,ht
t
p:
//j
asoncast
on.
bl
ogspot
.
com/2014/02/why-
your
-
or
gani
zat
i
on-
shoul
d-
be-
on.
ht
ml(
accessedAugust17,2015)
127
Cast
on,"WhyYourOrgani
zat
i
onshoul
dbeonSoci
alMedi
a,
"
47
vi
ewsand50,
000shares,mi
l
l
i
onsofpeopl
ehavebeenbl
essedt
hroughsoci
al
medi
a.
"
128
Accordi
ng t
o Cast
on,Bi
shop T.
D Jakes and hi
s church have
benefi
t
edfrom usi
ngsoci
almedi
a.
Thefol
l
owi
ngsubheadi
ngsdi
scusst
hebenefi
t
sofFacebookt
ochurches.
Cl
osenesst
ot
heChurchandPast
ors
I
naconver
sat
i
onwi
t
haseni
orl
ect
urerfr
om t
heChri
st
i
anServi
ceUni
versi
t
y
Col
l
ege,onAugust18
t
h
2015,hesai
dt
hatsoci
almedi
abri
ngswhathecal
l
s"a
churchwi
t
houtwal
l
s".I
not
herwor
ds,soci
almedi
abreaksal
lt
hebarri
ersof
geogr
aphi
call
ocat
i
onst
opreacht
opeopl
eeverywhereanywhereatanypoi
nti
n
t
i
me.
The21 part
i
ci
pant
st
her
esear
cheri
nt
er
vi
ewed assert
ed t
hatsoci
almedi
a
br
i
ngst
hem cl
osert
ot
hei
rchur
chesandpast
or
swher
evert
heyarei
nt
heworl
d,
becausei
ti
seasyt
oaccessanywher
et
heyar
eunl
i
ket
het
radi
t
i
onalmedi
asuch
ast
her
adi
oandt
el
evi
si
on.Apar
t
i
ci
pantsai
dwhenhewasresi
denti
nSout
h
Af
r
i
caandasamemberofPer
ezChapelI
nt
er
nat
i
onal
,heknewwhathi
sBi
shop
wi
l
lpr
eachonaSundayand usedt
hatashi
squi
ett
i
measameansof
connect
i
ngwi
t
hhi
schur
chont
hatSunday.
Facebookgi
vesopport
uni
t
yt
ogai
nagl
obalvoi
ceandt
oopennew church
brancheswi
t
hl
esscost
.
128
Cast
on,"WhyYourOrgani
zat
i
onshoul
dbeonSoci
alMedi
a,
"
48
Anot
herpart
i
ci
pantasser
t
edt
hatasasoci
almedi
amanagerofoneoft
he
bi
ggestchurchesi
nGhana,soci
almedi
apl
at
formssuchasFacebookand
Twi
t
t
erserveasavoi
ceoft
hei
rchurchi
npl
aceswheret
het
radi
t
i
onalmedi
a
cannotreach.Hegaveat
est
i
monyofal
adyi
nPeruwhofol
l
owshi
spast
oron
Facebook.Hesai
dt
hatt
hel
adygotheal
edf
rom canceraft
eracont
i
nual
readi
ngofawri
t
t
enpr
ayerbyhi
spast
oronFacebook.Duet
ot
hatt
est
i
monyhi
s
churchhasopenedanewbranchi
nPer
uwhi
chwasnotoffi
ci
al
l
yi
nt
hei
rpl
ans.
Thei
rchurchdi
dnotspendsomuchi
nor
gani
si
ngacrusadei
nPeru;i
twas
t
hroughsoci
almedi
aachur
chwaspl
ant
ed.
Thi
sgi
vesani
ndi
cat
i
ont
hatanychur
cht
hatspendsonadvert
i
si
ngont
he
t
radi
t
i
onalmedi
ashoul
dal
soconsi
deradver
t
i
si
ngonsoci
almedi
a.Thecostof
or
gani
si
ngacr
usadet
opl
antachur
chi
nanot
hercount
rycanbeachi
eved
t
hr
oughsoci
almedi
ai
ft
hechur
chst
r
at
egi
cal
l
yusessoci
almedi
a.
Fut
uregrowt
handpost
eri
t
y
Al
sot
wopart
i
ci
pant
sasser
t
edt
hatanychur
cht
hatwant
st
ost
ayst
rongi
n
t
er
msoffut
ur
egr
owt
handpost
er
i
t
yshoul
dconsi
derusi
ngsoci
almedi
a.Thi
si
s
becausesoci
almedi
acanbeusedt
oat
t
r
actt
heyout
hwhospendsal
otoft
i
me
onsoci
almedi
a.
Chri
stFor
besi
nhi
sbook"Facebookf
orPast
ors"advocat
est
hatsoci
almedi
a
especi
al
l
yFacebookhaveal
otofbenef
i
t
st
oof
f
er.I
nhi
sownwords,hesays:
Thechurchshoul
dl
eadt
hewayi
nNewMedi
aj
ustaswe
l
edt
hewayi
nOl
dMedi
at
hef
i
r
stmasspri
nt
i
ngwasof
t
heBi
bl
e,t
heear
l
i
estadopt
er
sofr
adi
owereevangel
i
st
s,
49
et
cPast
or
sshoul
dst
opwai
t
i
ng...wi
t
hal
lt
hepot
ent
i
alof
soci
al medi
a l
i
ke Facebook t
o form aut
hent
i
c
communi
cat
i
onandconnect
i
ons,i
ti
seasyt
oseet
hati
ti
s
notawast
eoft
i
me,i
ti
sani
nvest
ment
.Eacht
i
met
he
chur
chi
mpl
ement
ednew medi
ast
rat
egi
escri
t
i
csl
abel
ed
t
hem awast
eoft
i
meorapassi
ngfad.Chri
st
i
anradi
oand
t
el
evi
si
onar
efarf
rom passi
ngaway!I
ft
hecri
t
i
cswere
wrongt
hen,whyshoul
dwet
hi
nkt
heyareri
ghtnow?
129
For
besargumenti
sont
hepoi
ntt
hatsoci
almedi
ahaveal
otofbenefi
tand
t
her
eforet
hechurchshoul
dl
eadt
hewayasi
tdi
dwi
t
hol
dmedi
asuchasradi
o
andt
el
evi
si
on.Hesaysi
ti
snotawast
eoft
i
mebutascri
t
i
cswerewr
ongwhen
t
hechurchst
art
edusi
ngt
het
r
adi
t
i
onalmedi
asowi
l
lt
heybewi
t
ht
henew
t
rendsofsoci
almedi
a.
Si
monKempasatJanuar
y2015i
ndi
cat
edt
hatt
heworl
dpopul
at
i
oni
s7.
2
bi
l
l
i
on.
130
Heasser
t
st
hatbyt
heendof2015soci
almedi
awi
l
lbemoret
hanone
t
hi
rdoft
heworl
d'
spopul
at
i
oni
n240count
r
i
es.
131
Thi
sst
at
i
st
i
ci
ndi
cat
est
hata
chur
chorpast
orcanbeatt
hei
rof
f
i
ceandpr
eacht
oover2.
4bi
l
l
i
onpeopl
ei
n
240count
i
eswi
t
hfarl
essercost
.
Theref
or
econcl
usi
vel
y,achur
chcanenj
oybenefi
t
ssuchasreachi
ngpeopl
ei
n
anypar
toft
hewor
l
dandpr
eacht
heGospelwhi
chi
nt
hel
ongrunwi
l
li
ncrease
i
t
s membershi
p.Fur
t
her
mor
e t
he costofadvert
i
si
ng a church and i
t
s
pr
ogr
ammescanal
sober
educedsi
ncet
her
earebi
l
l
i
onsofsoul
sonsoci
al
129
Chr
i
sFor
bes,
FacebookforPastors:HowtoBui
l
dRel
ati
onshi
pwi
thPeopl
eandConnectwi
th
Peopl
eUsi
ngTheMostPopul
arSoci
alNetworkOnTheI
nternet,
(
eBookon-
l
i
ne:Chri
sFor
bes
Mi
ni
st
r
yMarket
i
ngCoach)
,
1-
31,ht
t
p:
//www.
sout
her
nohi
osynod.
or
g/aws/SOS/asset
_
manager
/get
_f
i
l
e/20638,(
accessedAugust17,2015)
130
"Di
gi
t
al
,Soci
al&Mobi
l
eWor
l
dwi
dei
n2015,
"WeAr
eSoci
al
,l
astmodi
fi
edJanuar
y21,2015,
ht
t
p:
//wear
esoci
al
.
net
/bl
og/2015/01/di
gi
t
al
-
soci
al
-
mobi
l
e-
wor
l
dwi
de-
2015/,(
accessedAugust
17,2015)
131
"Di
gi
t
al
,Soci
al&Mobi
l
eWor
l
dwi
dei
n2015,
"WeAr
eSoci
al
,
50
medi
aal
ready.Al
so,br
anchesofchur
chescanbeopenedt
hroughsoci
almedi
a.
4.
4UsageofFacebookbyGhanai
anPast
orsandi
t
sCont
ri
but
i
ont
oEvangel
i
sm
I
nchapt
ert
hree,t
hest
udyreveal
edt
hatGhanai
anpast
orspost
si
nspi
rat
i
onal
messages,i
nvi
t
at
i
onf
orpr
ogrammes,i
magebrandi
ng,evangel
i
st
i
cmessages
andseeki
ngfeedbackfrom t
hei
rfol
l
ower
s.Theabovement
i
onedact
i
vi
t
i
esare
t
hewaysGhanai
anpast
or
suseFacebook.However,bel
owaret
hecont
ri
but
i
ons
ori
nf
l
uencet
heseact
i
vi
t
i
eshaveonevangel
i
sm.
I
nspi
rat
i
onalmessages
Ei
ght(
8)par
t
i
ci
pant
sasser
t
edt
hatot
heract
i
vi
t
i
essuchaspost
i
ngi
nspi
rat
i
onal
messages and i
nvi
t
at
i
on f
orpr
ogr
ammes have posi
t
i
ve i
nfl
uence on soul
wi
nni
ngorevangel
i
sm.Apast
oratRecei
vePowerChapel
,KasoaAccra,one
oft
hepar
t
i
ci
pant
sgaveat
est
i
monyofal
adywhocamei
ncont
actwi
t
hhi
s
Facebookpageandr
eadi
ngt
hei
nspi
r
at
i
onalmessageshepost
edr
equest
edhi
s
phonenumber.Af
t
ercommuni
cat
i
ngwi
t
hheronphone,henot
i
cedt
hatt
he
l
adybel
ongedt
oal
esbi
angr
oup.Het
henpr
eachedt
ot
hel
adyandshei
snowa
chi
l
dofGodoraChr
i
st
i
an.
51
Al
so,aMusl
i
m l
adywhowaspar
tofpar
t
i
ci
pant
soft
hest
udygaveherl
i
fet
o
Chri
stt
hrought
hei
nspi
rat
i
onalmessagesofDrMensaOt
abi
l
'
sFacebookpage.
Apart
i
ci
pantdur
i
ngaphonei
nt
er
vi
ewment
i
onedt
hat
,t
hei
nspi
rat
i
onalwords
ofPast
orMensaOt
abi
lt
ouchedherhear
tsomuch.Outoft
hesei
nspi
rat
i
onal
messagesshei
snowaChr
i
st
i
an.I
nherwor
ds:`
Ifol
l
owMensaOt
abi
leveryday
forwor
dsofencouragementandwordsofwi
sdomsoIcanusei
ti
nmydai
l
yl
i
fe.
Oneoft
hedaysIf
el
tIneededt
oknowmor
eaboutJesusbecauseoft
hewords
IreadonPast
orMensaOt
abi
l
'
sFacebookpage.AChri
st
i
anfri
endt
ol
dmemore
aboutJesus,Iaccept
edHi
mi
nt
omyl
i
f
eandIbecameaChri
st
i
an.
'
TheworkofSt
evenWal
dschmi
dt
,"TheUseofFacebooki
nCongregat
i
onal
Evangel
i
sm:A pract
i
calpl
an,
"
132
gaveat
est
i
monyofhow al
adyaccessed
Facebookf
ori
nf
or
mat
i
onandr
ecei
vedJesusi
nt
oherl
i
fe.Hesai
d,Amyvi
si
t
ed
herFacebookbookpageandr
eadanar
t
i
cl
espost
edbyhi
sfri
endonFacebook.
Thecl
osi
ngwor
dsoft
hear
t
i
cl
est
at
ed:"i
fyouareawomanwhohashadan
abort
i
onl
i
kemeandyouar
esuf
f
er
i
ngi
nsi
l
ence,t
hent
akei
tt
oJesus.Hel
oves
you.Hel
ovesyourchi
l
d.Youar
ef
or
gi
ven.
"
133
ThenextSundaymorni
ngt
hel
ady
vi
si
t
edt
hechurcht
owor
shi
pandmet"t
hepast
ort
ot
el
lhi
m abouthowmoved
she was by t
hose Facebook post
s,and how she f
i
nal
l
y f
ound peace i
n
Jesus.
"
134
AmywasonFacebookt
oseeki
nf
ormat
i
onandbehol
dshecame
acrosst
hi
smessaget
hatbr
oughtherhopeandshei
snowaChri
st
i
an.
132
Wal
dschmi
dt
,"TheUseofFacebooki
nCongregat
i
onalEvangel
i
sm,
"2.
133
Wal
dschmi
dt
,"TheUseofFacebooki
nCongregat
i
onalEvangel
i
sm,
"2.
134
Wal
dschmi
dt
,"TheUseofFacebooki
nCongregat
i
onalEvangel
i
sm,
"2.
52
I
nvi
t
at
i
ont
oprogrammes
Ei
ght
eenpar
t
i
ci
pant
ssai
dt
hatwhenpast
orsi
nvi
t
epeopl
et
hroughFacebook,
vari
ouspeopl
eat
t
endt
heprogr
amme.Dur
i
ngt
heprogramme,opport
uni
t
i
esare
gi
vent
opeopl
et
orecei
veJesusChri
stast
hei
rLordandpersonalsavi
orwhi
ch
mostpeopl
edor
espondposi
t
i
vel
y.Threepar
t
i
ci
pant
saddedt
hati
nvi
t
at
i
ont
o
progr
ammeshaveaposi
t
i
vei
nf
l
uenceonevangel
i
sm.
I
magebrandi
ng
Sevenpart
i
ci
pant
si
ndi
cat
edt
hati
magebr
andi
nghaveaposi
t
i
vei
nfl
uenceon
evangel
i
sm.A part
i
ci
pantasser
t
edt
hat
,hi
sfri
endwhowasaBuddhi
sthas
becomeaChr
i
st
i
anbecauseofi
magebrandi
ngofapast
ort
hroughFacebook.
Hesai
dt
hatt
hef
r
i
endhasaphi
l
osophyt
hat"hecannotfol
l
owapast
ororagod
whocannotorgani
zeormakehi
speopl
er
i
ch.i
not
herwords,asapast
orpost
t
hecar
s,bui
l
di
ngsandot
herweal
t
honFacebooki
tencourageot
herst
ohave
t
hedesi
r
et
of
ol
l
owsuchaGod.
Evangel
i
st
i
cmessages
Ei
ghtpar
t
i
ci
pant
sst
r
essedt
hei
robser
vat
i
onandexperi
encet
hatGhanai
an
past
or
senj
oypost
i
ngl
essevangel
i
st
i
cmessagesascomparedt
oi
nspi
rat
i
onal
messages on Facebook.I
n accor
dance wi
t
h t
he vi
ews oft
he t
went
y-
one
part
i
ci
pant
s,evangel
i
st
i
cmessagespost
edbysomepast
orsi
nGhanahasa
posi
t
i
vei
nfl
uenceonevangel
i
sm event
houghmuchofsuchmessagesar
enot
seenonFacebook.
53
Franci
sKhekGeeLi
m arguest
hatsoci
almedi
awi
t
ht
hei
nt
ernet"hasbecome
suchamaj
orarenaf
orChr
i
st
i
anevangel
i
zat
i
on"andt
hereasoni
st
hat"more
and more peopl
e ar
e seeki
ng i
nf
or
mat
i
on on r
el
i
gi
ous mat
t
ers usi
ng t
he
i
nt
er
net
".
135
Accor
di
ngt
oGeeLi
m t
hi
sphenomenoni
sknownas"newpar
adi
gm"
anexpressi
onmadebySt
ephenWar
ner.
136
Feedbackfrom t
hei
rfol
l
owers
Ni
net
een(
19)par
t
i
ci
pant
sasser
t
edt
hatGhanai
anpast
orsseeki
ngfeedback
from t
hei
rfol
l
owersi
nf
l
uenceevangel
i
sm.Apart
i
ci
pantsai
dt
hatasGhanai
an
past
orsseekf
eedbackf
rom t
hei
rf
ol
l
owers,i
tshowst
hecareandat
t
ent
i
on
gi
ven t
o t
hem asf
ol
l
owers.Thi
sencour
agessomefol
l
ower
st
o j
oi
n t
hei
r
chur
chesandt
hr
ought
hatt
heybecomesaved.Two(
2)part
i
ci
pant
saddedt
hat
i
tal
soshowst
heser
i
ousnessoft
hepast
or
sandhel
pspast
orsoronl
i
ne
evangel
i
stt
ost
r
at
egi
zehi
sorhermessages
4.
5HowSoci
alMedi
acanserveasEvangel
i
st
i
cwork
Aspar
toft
hemai
nobj
ect
i
veoft
hi
sst
udyi
nf
i
ndi
ngouthowsoci
almedi
acan
beusedf
orevangel
i
sm,ar
esear
chquest
i
onwasaskedt
oanswert
heobj
ect
i
ve
ofexpl
or
i
nghowFacebookusagecanser
veasat
oolforevangel
i
st
i
cworki
n
soci
almedi
a.
135
Fr
anci
sKhekGeeLi
m,
Medi
ati
ngChri
sti
ani
tyi
nContemporary
Asi
a(
NewYor
k,
:Rout
l
edge
,
711Thi
rdAvenue,2013)183-
198,ht
t
p:
//sampl
es.
sai
nsburysebooks.
co.
uk
/9781136204999_sampl
e_492348.
pdf,(
accessedSept
ember2,2015)
136
GeeLi
m,
Medi
ati
ngChri
sti
ani
tyi
nContemporary
Asi
a,198
54
Therefore,al
lt
het
went
y-
onepar
t
i
ci
pant
sagr
eedt
hat
,t
hereshoul
dbeapl
anor
a gui
del
i
ne befor
e a chur
ch,past
or,orChr
i
st
i
an uses soci
almedi
a for
evangel
i
st
i
cpurposes.
I
nt
hewordsofCast
onheasser
t
st
hatdeci
si
onmustbemadeast
owhi
ch
soci
almedi
apl
at
f
or
msar
et
obeused.Headdedt
hat"t
hebestsoci
alnet
worki
s
whi
cheveryourorgani
zat
i
onknowshow t
ouse.
"
Heconcl
udest
hat"j
ustst
art
wi
t
ht
henet
workyourst
affknowsbest
.
"
137
Thati
st
osay"t
heSoci
alNet
work
yourorgani
zat
i
onshoul
dut
i
l
i
zedependsoni
t
scapabi
l
i
t
yt
ouset
henet
work,
yourcont
ent
,andwher
eyouraudi
encei
spr
i
mari
l
y"l
ocat
ed"ont
heweb.
"
138
Apart
i
ci
pantasser
t
edt
hatduet
ot
hebusyschedul
esofpast
orsei
t
hert
heyget
at
eam t
omanaget
hei
rvar
i
oussoci
almedi
apl
at
f
ormsoramanagershoul
dbe
i
nchar
ge.Heemphai
sedt
hati
ti
snosur
pr
i
set
ohi
m t
hatI
nt
ernat
i
onalCent
ral
GospelChur
ch (
I
CGC)ofPast
orMensah Ot
abi
lr
anksnumberoneamong
Ghanai
anpast
or
sonFacebookbecausehehasat
eam t
rai
nedbyhi
m t
o
managet
hei
rsoci
almedi
apl
at
for
ms.Si
x(
6)part
i
ci
pant
saddedt
hat
,at
eam
shoul
dbei
npl
acet
omanaget
hepl
at
f
or
mschosenbyapast
ororachurch.
Al
so,t
wopart
i
ci
pant
ssuggest
edt
hatever
ysoci
almedi
apl
at
form hasauni
que
way i
toperat
es,t
her
ef
or
e t
he past
orort
he t
eam mustal
ways educat
e
t
hemsel
vesont
hepl
at
f
or
msi
not
hert
obeef
f
ect
i
ve.Apar
t
i
ci
pantaddedt
hat
t
hechur
ch,past
ororChr
i
st
i
anshoul
dknowwhi
chcont
entt
opostatapart
i
cul
ar
seasonaft
erpr
ayi
ngandbei
ngl
edbyt
heHol
ySpi
ri
t
.Hemadereferencet
ot
he
137
Cast
on,"WhyYourOrgani
zat
i
onshoul
dbeonSoci
alMedi
a,
"
138
Cast
on,"WhyYourOrgani
zat
i
onshoul
dbeonSoci
alMedi
a,
"
55
FacebookpageofBi
shopCharl
esAgyi
nAsar
eofPerezChapelI
nt
ernat
i
onalon
t
hepoi
ntt
hathehasaf
ocusandki
ndofmessageshepost
si
napart
i
cul
ar
mont
horseason.Forexampl
e,i
nt
hemont
hofAugust
,al
lmessagespost
edby
Charl
esAgyi
nAsar
ewer
et
eachi
ngsonmar
ri
aget
ocel
ebrat
et
hemont
hhegot
marri
ed30
t
h
August
.
139/140/141
Fur
t
hermor
e,t
hi
r
t
eenpart
i
ci
pant
ssuggest
edt
hatnotal
lpeopl
earei
nt
erest
edi
n
readi
ngl
ongmessagesandt
her
ef
or
ei
fpossi
bl
eami
xt
ureofbot
hshor
tand
l
ongmessagescanbei
dealf
orsoci
almedi
aevangel
i
sm.
Cast
oni
ndi
cat
est
hat
,soci
almedi
ai
sat
wowaycommuni
cat
i
on;t
herefore
past
orsar
et
or
espondt
ocomment
smadebyt
hei
rfol
l
owers.
142
Apart
i
ci
pant
shar
edanexper
i
encewher
ehesentaf
r
i
endrequestt
oArchbi
shopNi
col
as
Duncan-
Wi
l
l
i
amsandi
twasaccept
edi
nsomefew hourst
hatmadehi
m very
happyal
ldayandal
waysr
eadwhatt
heAr
chbi
shophast
osayonFacebook.
Al
so,t
wopar
t
i
ci
pant
sasser
t
edt
hathar
shandcondemnat
i
onmessageswi
l
lnot
havesomuchi
mpactonsoci
almedi
awheni
tcomest
oevangel
i
sm.They
cont
r
i
but
edt
hatt
hemoder
ndayper
sonwi
l
lal
waysl
ovet
obeatpl
aceswhere
heorshei
snotcondemnedbutencour
aged.
139
Bi
shopChar
l
esAgyi
nasar
e,FacebookPost
,August30,2015(
07:
30pm)
,
ht
t
ps:
//www.
f
acebook.
com/Bi
shop.
Charl
es.
Agyi
nasar
e/t
i
mel
i
ne/st
or
y?ut
=43&wst
ar
t
=0&wend=1443682799&hash=84
84105072681568514&pagefi
l
t
er=3,(
accessedSept
ember2,2015)
140
Bi
shopChar
l
esAgyi
nasar
e,FacebookPost
,August29,2015(
09:
04am)
,
ht
t
ps:
//www.
f
acebook.
com/Bi
shop.
Charl
es.
Agyi
nasar
e/post
s/10153635242779337,
(
accessedSept
ember2,2015)
141
Bi
shopChar
l
esAgyi
nasar
e,FacebookPost
,August27,2015(
09:
04pm)
,
ht
t
ps:
//www.
f
acebook.
com/Bi
shop.
Charl
es.
Agyi
nasar
e/post
s/10153631090854337,
(
accessedSept
ember2,2015)
142
Cast
on,"WhyYourOr
gani
zat
i
onshoul
dbeonSoci
alMedi
a,
"
56
4.
6Concl
usi
on
Thi
schapt
err
eveal
st
hat
,t
heuseofFacebookbyGhanai
anpast
orsbri
ngs
di
fferent cat
egory of fol
l
ower
s f
rom di
f
ferent soci
et
al and rel
i
gi
ous
backgroundswor
l
dwi
det
oget
her.Throught
heuseofsoci
almedi
aGhanai
an
past
orsandt
hei
rchur
cheshaveagl
obalvoi
ceandpresence.Therefore,soci
al
medi
ai
sabl
et
ocont
ri
but
eposi
t
i
vel
yt
oevangel
i
sm andt
heGreatCommi
ssi
on
notonl
yi
nGhanabuti
ndi
f
f
erentcount
ri
esi
nt
heworl
d.
Nonet
hel
ess,i
ti
snot
edt
hatt
hemessagespost
edbyGhanai
anpast
orson
Facebookar
enotdi
rect
l
yevangel
i
st
i
ci
nnat
ur
e.However,t
heact
i
vi
t
i
esof
Ghanai
anpast
or
sofsendi
ngi
nspi
r
at
i
onalmessages,pr
ogr
ammei
nvi
t
at
i
ons,
i
magebrandi
ngandseeki
ngf
eedbackoni
ssueshaveposi
t
i
vei
nfl
uenceon
evangel
i
sm.Fi
nal
l
y,apl
anorasetofgui
del
i
neswasproposedforsoci
almedi
a
evangel
i
sm.
Concl
usi
vel
y,accor
di
ng t
o Tr
i
sha El
l
i
otsoci
almedi
a mi
ni
st
ry shoul
d be
compar
edt
ot
he`
Parabl
eoft
heSower
'(
Mat
t
.13:
1-
9)
.
143
Ast
hesowerspread
hi
sorherseeds,somefel
latvar
i
ousbadpl
acesbutwi
t
ht
hepoweroft
heHol
y
143
Tri
shaEl
l
i
ot
,"ASowerWentOutt
oSow:Wel
comet
oOurSoci
alMedi
a
Bl
og,
"
ASowerWent
toSow
,Sept
ember15,2013,ht
t
p:
//asower
went
out
t
osow.
com/t
ag/r
ock-
t
he-
bi
bl
e/,(
accessed
August17,2015)
57
Spi
ri
tsomefel
longoodgrounds.Theonl
i
neorsoci
almedi
aevangel
i
stshoul
d
not
et
hatsoci
almedi
ahast
hepowert
or
eachbi
l
l
i
onsofpeopl
eal
lovert
he
worl
d.Ast
heGospelmessagei
ssentsomewi
l
lfal
longoodgroundsandsoul
s
wi
l
lbewoni
nt
ot
heKi
ngdom ofGod.
CHAPTERFI
VE
SUMMARY,CONCLUSI
ONANDRECOMMENDATI
ONS
5.
1Summary
Chri
st
i
ani
t
yovert
heyear
shasrel
i
edont
echnol
ogyi
nspreadi
ngt
heGospelof
JesusChri
stt
oal
lovert
hewor
l
d.
144
Mar
t
i
nLut
heradvancedt
hecauseof
Chri
st
i
ani
t
yt
hrought
hepr
i
nt
i
ngpr
essi
n1517t
opri
ntBi
bl
est
hefundament
al
bookf
orChri
st
i
ani
t
y.
145
Sar
ahHamakerasser
t
st
hat
t
het
el
evi
si
onandr
adi
ohasal
sobeenusedi
n
advanci
ngt
hecauseoft
heKi
ngdom OfGodal
lovert
heworl
d.
146
Throughout
t
hest
udy,soci
almedi
ahasbeenexami
nedusi
ngFacebookasaparadi
gm t
o
expl
or
ei
t
susesbyGhanai
anpast
or
sandhowi
ti
nfl
uencesevangel
i
sm.
Theresear
cherr
ecount
edt
heconceptofsoci
almedi
aandFacebookandi
t
s
pot
ent
i
alasat
oolf
orevangel
i
sm.Fur
t
her
mor
e,t
hest
udyexami
neddi
fferent
144
Wal
dschmi
dt
,"TheUseofFacebooki
nCongregat
i
onalEvangel
i
sm,
"2.
145
Wal
dschmi
dt
,"TheUseofFacebooki
nCongregat
i
onalEvangel
i
sm,
"2.
146
"Fr
om TheRadi
ot
oTheI
nt
er
net
:Chri
st
i
anBr
oadcast
i
ngat90"
Chr
i
st
i
anPostEnt
er
t
ai
nment
,
l
astmodi
f
i
edFebr
uary15,2011,ht
t
p:
//www.
chr
i
st
i
anpost
.
com/news/fr
om-
radi
o-
t
o-
t
he-
i
nt
ernet
-
chr
i
st
i
an-
broadcast
i
ng-
at
-
90-
48986/,(
accessedAugust17,2015)
58
ways Ghanai
an past
ors uses Facebook such as i
nspi
rat
i
onalmessages,
i
nvi
t
at
i
onofpr
ogrammes,brandi
ngoft
hei
ri
mage,evangel
i
st
i
cmessagesand
seeki
ngoffeedbackfr
om t
hei
rfol
l
ower
s.
Al
so,t
hest
udydi
scussedt
hepeopl
et
hatf
ol
l
owGhanai
anpast
orsonFacebook,
benefi
t
st
hatGhanai
anchur
chesenj
oyi
nusi
ngsoci
almedi
a,t
heusageof
FacebookbyGhanai
anpast
orsandi
t
scont
ri
but
i
ont
oevangel
i
sm andapl
anor
gui
del
i
newasdevel
opedt
oai
dsoci
almedi
aevangel
i
sm.
I
nsum,t
heresear
chr
eveal
st
heuseofFacebookbyGhanai
anpast
orscanhave
posi
t
i
vei
nfl
uenceonevangel
i
sm.
5.
2Concl
usi
on
I
nacri
t
i
calanal
ysi
s,t
her
ear
eanumberofi
mport
antconcl
usi
onst
hatcanbe
dr
awni
nrespectoft
heuseofFacebookbyGhanai
anpast
ors.I
nconsi
deri
ng
t
he obj
ect
i
ves oft
he st
udy,i
twas r
eveal
ed t
hatGhanai
an past
ors post
i
nspi
r
at
i
onalmessages,i
nvi
t
at
i
on ofpr
ogr
ammes,brandi
ng oft
hei
ri
mage,
evangel
i
st
i
cmessagesandseeki
ngoff
eedbackf
r
omt
hei
rfol
l
owers.
Al
so,t
her
ear
epeopl
efrom di
f
f
er
entbackgr
oundsandoccupat
i
onst
hatfol
l
ow
Ghanai
anpast
or
sonFacebook.Fur
t
her
mor
e,i
nr
esponset
owhyusersof
Facebookf
ol
l
ow Ghanai
anpast
or
s,i
tcamet
ol
i
ghtt
hati
nspi
rat
i
onfordai
l
y
act
i
vi
t
i
esandt
oknowpr
ogr
ammesor
gani
sedi
nor
dert
ot
akepart
.Agai
n,some
user
ssai
dt
heyfol
l
owGhanai
anpast
or
si
nor
dert
ouset
hei
rt
eachi
ngast
hei
r
dai
l
yqui
ett
i
me,att
hei
rwor
kpl
aces,becauseoft
hei
rbusyschedul
es.
59
Mor
eover,t
hest
udyhasreveal
edt
hatFacebookasaparadi
gm forsoci
almedi
a
usagehasal
otofbenef
i
t
sforchurchesofGhanai
anpast
orsandt
oi
mpactt
he
Ki
ngdom ofGod.Furt
hermor
e,i
tgi
vest
hechurcheveni
navi
l
l
ageagl
obal
voi
ce.Thati
s,soci
almedi
a gi
veschur
chest
heopport
uni
t
yt
o brand and
advert
i
set
hemsel
vesgl
obal
l
yeveni
ft
hechurchcannotaffordawebsi
t
ewhi
ch
hel
psi
nchurchmember
shi
pi
ncrease.Toaddup,soci
almedi
agi
vesachurch
t
hepot
ent
i
alt
oopendi
ff
er
entbr
anchesal
lovert
heworl
d.
Fur
t
hermor
e,t
hest
udyreveal
edt
hatFacebookhasaposi
t
i
vei
nfl
uenceon
evangel
i
sm andt
heGreatCommi
ssi
onatl
ar
ge.Aspast
orsadvert
i
set
hei
r
churchesandengagei
nt
heactofsendi
ngi
nspi
rat
i
onalmessages,fol
l
owers
endupgi
vi
ngt
hei
rl
i
vest
oJesus.
Fi
nal
l
y,t
her
esear
chpr
oposesasetof
fgui
del
i
nesf
orsoci
almedi
aevangel
i
sm.
5.
3Recommendat
i
ons
Thi
sst
udyhasr
eveal
edt
hatt
heact
i
vi
t
i
esofGhanai
anpast
orsarenotdi
rect
l
y
evangel
i
st
i
ci
n nat
urebutcont
r
i
but
et
o evangel
i
sm,churchesand past
ors
shoul
ddevel
opanat
t
i
t
udeofbecomi
ngevangel
i
st
i
csi
ncesoci
almedi
ai
sat
ool
t
hatcanhel
pful
f
i
l
lt
heGr
eatCommi
ssi
oni
nt
hi
sgenerat
i
on. Thati
smore
soci
almedi
aevangel
i
st
sar
eneededi
nGhana.
Al
so,t
hePent
ecost
al
,Or
t
hodoxandRomanCat
hol
i
cChurchesi
nGhanashoul
d
geti
nvol
vedi
nsoci
almedi
a,becausei
ti
sat
oolt
hatcanhel
pt
hei
rchur
chesi
n
60
di
versewaysandpromot
et
heGr
eatCommi
ssi
on. Mostoft
hei
ryout
hare
al
readyt
here,f
ol
l
owi
ngot
herchur
chesandpast
orssowhynotengaget
hem.
Theresearcher
,basedont
her
esponsescomi
ngfrom soci
almedi
aexpert
s,
l
ect
ur
ersi
n t
hefi
el
d ofcommuni
cat
i
on,fol
l
owersofGhanai
an past
orson
Facebookandschol
arsi
sproposi
ngapl
anforsoci
almedi
aevangel
i
sm.Of
courset
hi
spl
an hasnotbeen t
est
ed butcomesfrom t
heexperi
encesof
part
i
ci
pant
si
nt
hear
eaofsoci
almedi
at
her
ecanbeusedasagui
del
i
nefor
soci
almedi
aevangel
i
sm.
The chur
ch,past
orand t
he onl
i
ne evangel
i
stshoul
d deci
de on t
he
pl
at
formst
heywantt
oconcent
r
at
eonf
ort
hei
robj
ect
i
ves.
Getasoci
almedi
at
eamormanageri
nchargeoft
hepl
at
for
m(
s)
.
The t
eam ormanagershoul
d al
ways educat
e t
hemsel
ves on new
f
eat
uresaddedt
ot
hepl
at
f
or
msi
nor
dert
obeeff
ect
i
ve.
Thecont
entt
obepost
edshoul
dbevet
t
edandedi
t
edbyt
hepast
oror
churchadmi
ni
st
r
at
orbef
or
ei
ti
ssentt
ot
hepubl
i
consoci
almedi
a.
Messagesshoul
di
nspi
ret
hancondemnbecausei
nspi
rat
i
onbri
ngsal
ot
ofpeopl
et
or
epent
ancet
hancondemnat
i
ononsoci
almedi
a.
Feedbackmustbegi
vent
ocomment
sandquest
i
onsfrom fol
l
owerson
soci
almedi
a.
Lastbutnotl
east
,pr
ayershoul
dbet
hebackbonet
oeveryposteveryday.
61
Whi
l
et
hi
sst
udyexpl
oredt
heusageofFacebookbyGhanai
anpast
orsi
nGhana,
fut
ur
eresear
chshoul
dcont
i
nuet
oi
nvest
i
gat
ehowsoci
almedi
acanbeusedt
o
makemi
ni
st
rycommuni
cat
i
onmoreef
f
ect
i
venotj
ustl
ooki
ngatFacebookbut
ot
herpl
at
formssuchasTwi
t
t
er.
Agai
n,fut
ur
er
esearchcancont
i
nuet
oi
nvest
i
gat
et
heFacebookact
i
vi
t
i
esof
Ghanai
an past
or
s t
o compar
e t
he f
i
ndi
ngs t
o t
hi
s st
udy i
ft
he Facebook
act
i
vi
t
i
es ofGhanai
an past
or
s can be deemed general
i
zabl
e t
o a broad
popul
at
i
on.
Fi
nal
l
y,moreschol
ar
l
ymat
eri
al
saret
o bewri
t
t
en i
n Ghanat
o ai
d i
n t
he
academi
cworkandr
esear
chi
nt
hear
eaofsoci
almedi
a.
62
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BLI
OGRAPHY
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- Mishael Ampofo Donkor (Author), 2017, Social Media and Christian Evangelism. A Study of the Facebook Activities of Some Ghanaian Pastors and its Influence on Evangelism, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/375618
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