Excerpt
A study of Research Report
Writing
By
Mrs.Anu Priya M.E.,(PhD)
By Anu
Priya
M.E.,(Ph.D)
WHAT IS A RESEARCH REPORT?
End
p
roduct
of
a
research
activity
.
Means
for
communicating
research
experience
to
others.
A
factual
and
systematic
ac
count
of
a
R
esearch
Activity
.
It
narrates
the
problem
studied,
m
ethods
used
for
studying
it
and
the
findings
and
conclusions
of
the
study
.
By Anu
Priya
M.E.,(Ph.D)
WHEN
T
O
WRITE
A
RESEARCH
R
EPORT?
After
,
Data collection
Analysis of data
and
Drawing Inferences
WHY REPORTS?
Analytical
information
and
consequential
inferences
to
b
e
communicated
to
consumers
of
research
results.
WHOM?
Individual or
A group or
Public/Private organizations
By Anu
Priya
M.E.,(Ph.D)
POINTS TO REMEMBER BEFORE
PREPARING A REPORT
Consider
the
b
ack
g
round
o
f
p
otential
audience.
Their
total
research
situation
Their
technical
back
ground
and
knowledge
R
esearchers
should
m
ak
e
special
efforts
to
communicate
clearly
and
fully
.
A
p
oor
report
or
presentation
can
d
estroy
the
study
By Anu
Priya
M.E.,(Ph.D)
TYPES OF REPORT
Business firms
-
L
etter form
Banks, insurance organizations
-
B
alance-sheet
type
Mathematicians -
algebraic
notations
Chemists -
symbols
and
formulae
Clinical psychologists
-
case-history form
governmental
bureaus
-
very comprehensive
by students
-
P
h.D
.
theses/dissertations
News items
Book-re
views
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
TYPES OF REPORT
Te
chnical report
P
o
pular report
An article
A monograph or
Oral presentation
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
INTERPRETATION
Interpretation
refers
to
the
d
rawing
of
inferences
from
collected
facts
after
an
analytical
or
experimental
study
.
Tw
o
m
ajor
Ta
sks
Effort
to
establish
continuity
in
research
through
linking
the
results
Establishment
o
f
some
explanatory
concepts.
By Anu
Priya
M.E.,(Ph.D)
WHY INTERPRETATION
The
u
sefulness
and
utility
of
research
findings
lie
in
proper
interpretation.
R
esearcher
can
w
ell
u
nderstand
the
abstract
principle
that
w
orks
beneath
his
findings.
Interpretation
can
serve
as
a
guide
for
future
research
studies
TECHNIQUE OF INTERPRETATION
R
esearcher
must
give
reasonable
explanations
of
the
relations
which
h
e
h
as
found.
Extraneous
information,
if
collected
must
be
considered
while
interpreting
the
final
results.
Consult
someone
having
insight
into
the
study
w
ho
is
frank
and
honest
and
w
ill
point
o
ut
omissions
and
errors
in
logical
argumentation.
Consider
all
rele
vant
factors,
n
o
h
urry
in
interpretation
since
the
conclusions,
which
appear
to
be
all
right
at
the
b
eginning,
m
ay
not
at
all
be
ac
curate.
By Anu
Priya
M.E.,(Ph.D)
PRECAUTIONS IN INTERPRETATION
Data
are
appropriate,
trustworthy
and
adequate
for
d
rawing
inferences
Cautious
about
the
errors
that
can
arise
due
to
false
g
eneralization
Precautions
concerning
the
reliability
of
data,
computational
checks,
validation
and
comparison
of
results.
Broad
g
eneralization
should
b
e
avoided
There
should
b
e
constant
interaction
between
initial
h
ypothesis,
empirical
o
bservation
and
theoretical
conceptions.
By Anu
Priya
M.E.,(Ph.D)
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
SIGNIFICANCE OF REPORT WRITING
R
esearch
task
remains
incomplete
till
the
report
has
b
een
presented.
R
esults
and
findings
do
not
h
ave
any
value
unless
it
is
communicated.
purpose
o
f
research
is
n
ot
well
served
unless
the
findings
are
m
ade
known
to
others
Last
part
of
the
research
w
hich
requires
a
set
of
skills.
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
STEPS IN REPORT WRITING
Logical
A
nalysis
o
f
the
subject
m
atter
.
Preparation
o
f
the
final
o
utline
Preparation
o
f
the
rough
d
raft.
R
ewriting
and
polishing
the
rough
draft..
Preparation
o
f
the
final
B
ibliography
.
Writing
the
final
d
raft.
By Anu
Priya
M.E.,(Ph.D)
L
OGICAL
A
NALYSIS
O
F
T
HE
S
UBJECT
M
ATTER
Concerned
w
ith
d
evelopment
of
a
subject
.
Tw
o
w
ays
to
d
evelop
a
subject.
Logically
Mental
connections
and
associations
between
the
one
thing
and
another
b
y
m
eans
of
analysis
Chronologically
based
o
n
a
connection
o
r
sequence
in
time
o
r
oc
currence.
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
P
REPARATION
OF
THE
F
INAL
O
UTLINE
Framework
u
pon
w
hich
long
written
w
orks
are
constructed.
Outlines
act
as
an
aid
to
logical
o
rganization
of
the
m
aterial
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
P
REPARATION
OF
THE
R
OUGH
D
RAFT
Write
d
own
the
procedures
adopted
in
collecting
the
material
limitation
faced
the
technique
of
analysis
adopted
broad
findings,
generalization
various
suggestions
regarding
the
problem
concerned.
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
R
EWRITING
AND
P
OLISHING
ROUGH
DRAFT
Most
Difficult
p
art
,requires
more
time
than
the
w
riting
of
the
rough
draft.
Check
for
weakness
in
logical
d
ev
elopment
or
presentation
Check
for
unity
o
r
cohesion.
Check
if
consistency
is
there
Check
the
grammar
,spelling
and
usage
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
P
REPARATION
OF
THE
FINAL
B
IBLIOGRAPHY
List
of
books
p
ertinent
to
research
which
h
as
been
done.
Contain
all
those
w
orks
which
the
researcher
has
consulted.
To
be
arranged
Alphabetically
.
Can
b
e
d
ivided
into
two
p
arts
1.
Names
o
f
b
ooks
and
pamphlets.
2.
Magazines
and
news
paper
articles.
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
Contd...
1.
For books and pamphlets
i.
Name of author
, last name first
ii.
Title in
italics
iii.
Place, publisher
, and
date of
Publication
iv.
Number of
V
o
lumes.
Example:
Rizvy
, M.
A
.,
Effective T
echnical
C
ommunication
, New
Delhi, T
ata
McGraw-Hill
Publishing
Company
Limited, 2
007,
V
o
lI
.
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
Contd...
2. For Magazine
and News Papers
i
. Name of the
Author
, Last Name first.
ii.
Title of
Article, in quotation
marks
iii. Name of periodicals
in Italics
iv
.
The volume or volume and
number
.
v.
The date
of the issue
vi.
The pagination
Example.
Alexander
, M., "
C
yber
Thieves",
Readers
Digest,
New Delhi,
V
o
l5
1 No 9,September
20
10. p 106.
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
W
RITING
T
HE
F
INAL
D
RAFT
To
b
e
written
in
concise
and
o
bjective
style
and
in
simple
language.
A
void
vague
expressions
lik
e
"it
seems",
"there
may
b
e",
A
void
abstract
terminology
and
technical
jargon.
For
effective
communication
include
examples
b
as
edo
nc
o
m
m
o
ne
xp
er
ie
n
ce
Should
not
b
e
d
ull,
but
enthuse
people
and
maintain
interest
and
m
ust
show
o
riginality
.
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
LAYOUT OF A RESEARCH REPORT
Preliminary Pages.
Title page
Declaration
Certificates
Preface/acknowledgements
Ta
ble of
contents
List of
tables
List of
graphs/figures/charts
Abstract or
synopsis
Main T
ext.
The end matter
.
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
M
AIN
T
EXT
Provides
complete
outline
o
f
the
research
report
.
Title
is
repeated
at
the
top
o
f
the
first
p
age.
pages
n
umbered
consecutively
beginning
w
ith
the
second
page.
Sections
of
Main
Te
xt
1.
Introduction
2.
Statement
o
f
findings
and
R
ecommendations.
3.
The
R
esults.
4.
The
implications
drawn
from
the
results.
5.
The
S
ummary
.
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
1. I
NTRODUCTION
Introduce
research
p
roject
to
the
readers.
Clear
S
tatement
of
objectives
Enough
back
ground
on
why
the
problem
w
as
considered
worth
investigating.
Brief
summary
of
other
rele
vant
research
Hypothesis
Definition
of
major
concepts
employed
in
study
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
Contd...
Methodology
How was the
study carried out
Basic Design
Experimental manipulations
Data collection
Sample size
Statistical tools
used
Scope of the study
Limitations
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
2. S
TATEMENT
O
F
F
INDINGS
A
ND
R
ECOMMENDATIONS
Contains
statement
o
f
findings
and
recommendations
in
n
on-technical
terms.
If
findings
happen
to
b
e
extensive,
p
ut
in
summarized
form.
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
3. R
ESULTS
A
d
etailed
p
resentations
of
the
findings
w
ith
the
supporting
d
ata.
Data
in
the
form
o
f
tables
and
charts
together
with
validation
o
f
results.
Comprises
m
ain
b
ody
o
f
the
report,
extending
over
several
chapters.
Contain
statistical
summaries
and
d
eductions
o
f
the
data
rather
than
raw
d
ata.
Presented
in logical sequence
split into identifia
b
le sections.
R
elevant results should
find
a place in the
report.
The question of rele
vance is
guided by research problem and
hypothesis.
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
4. I
MPLICATIONS
O
F
T
HE
R
ESULTS
To
wards
the
end
should
again
put
d
own
the
results
o
f
research
clearly
and
precisely
.
State
implications
from
the
results
of
the
study
Finish
the
report
w
ith
a
short
conclusion
w
hich
summarizes
the
main
points
of
the
study
.
Conclusion
drawn
should
b
e
clearly
related
to
Hypothesis
stated.
Forecast
of
the
future
o
f
the
subject
An
indication
of
the
kind
o
f
research
w
hich
needs
to
b
e
done
in
that
particular
field
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
5. S
UMMARY
Customary
to
conclude
w
ith
brief
research
problem
,
the
m
ethodology
,
major
findings,
major
conclusions
drawn
from
the
research
results.
Introduction
Theoretical back
ground of the
topic
Statement of the problem
R
eview of literature
The scope
of the study
The objectives of the study
Hypothesis to be tested
Definition of the concepts
Models if any
Design of the study
Methodology
Method of data collection
Sources of data
Sampling plan
Data collection
instruments
Field work
Data processing
and
analysis
plan
Overview of
the report
Limitation
of the study
R
esults: findings
and discussions
Summary
, conclusions
&recommendations
By Anu
Priya
M.E.,(Ph.D)
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
E
ND
M
ATTER
Appendices
all technical data
Questionnaires
sample information
mathematical derivations
Bibliography
Bibliography
of sources consulted
Index
Alphabetical
listing
of
names
,Places
To
pics
along
w
ith
the
n
umbers
o
f
the
pages
in
a
book
or
report
on
which
they
are
m
entioned
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
MECHANICS OF WRITING RESEARCH REPORT
Definite
and
set
rules
to
b
e
followed
in
w
riting
a
research
report.
1.
Size
and
P
hysical
design
Paper
size
8
½"X
11,
margins,
double
space,
one
sided
2.
Procedure
3.
Layout
4.
T
reatment
o
f
q
uotation
5.
Footnote
6.
Documentation
style(footnote
reference
)
7.
Punctuation and
abbre
viation in
footnotes
8.
Use of statistics, charts and graphs.
9.
Final draft.
10.
Bibliography
11.
Preparation of
the
Index
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
4.
T
reatment of
Quotations
Placed
in
quotation
marks
Double
spaced,
forming
an
immediate
part
of
text.
If
the
quotation
is
of
considerable
length
,it
should
b
e
a
single
spaced
and
indented
at
least
half
an
inch
to
the
right
o
f
the
normal
text
margin.
5. Footnotes
meant
for
cross
references,
citation
of
authorities
and
sources,
acknowledgement
and
elucidation.
placed
at
the
bottom
o
f
the
page
separated
from
the
textual
m
aterial
b
y
a
space
o
f
half
an
inch
and
a
line
about
one
and
a
half
inches
long.
should
be
numbered
consecutively
,u
sually
beginning
with
1
in
each
chapter
separately
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
C
ONTD
...
The
n
umber
should
b
e
p
ut
slightly
above
the
line,
say
at
the
end
o
f
a
quotation.
At
the
foot
of
the
p
age,
again,
the
footnote
number
should
be
indented
and
typed
a
little
above
the
line.
In
case
of
statistical
tables
and
other
n
umerical
material,
symbols
such
as
asterisk
(*)
to
prevent
confusion.
are
always
typed
in
single
space
and
d
ivided
from
one
another
b
y
d
ouble
space
Example
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
6. Footnote R
e
ference
(i)
R
egarding
the single-volume reference
1.
Author
's
name
in
normal
order
(and
n
ot
beginning
with
the
last
name
as
in
a
b
ibliography)
followed
b
y
a
comma;
2.
Title
o
f
w
ork,
in
italics;
3.
Place
and
date
of
publication;
4.
Pagination
references
(The
page
number).
Example
John Gassner
, Masters
of the
Drama
, New
Y
o
rk: Dover Publications, Inc.
1954, p.
315
.
(ii) R
e
garding
multivolumed
reference
1.
Author
's
name in the
normal order;
2.
Title
of work in italics;
3.
Place and date
of publication;
4.
Number of
volume;
5.
Pagination references
(The
page
number).
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
C
ONTD
...
(iii) encyclopedias and dictionaries
no pagination
reference is usually
needed.
Example
"Salamanca,"
Encyclopaedia
B
ritannica
, 14th Edition.
(iv
) R
e
garding periodicals reference
1.
Name of the author in normal order;
2.
Title of article,
in quotation marks;
3.
Name of periodical
in italics;
4.
V
o
lume number;
5.
Date of issuance;
6.
Pagination.
(v
) R
e
garding anthologies and collections reference
Quotations
from
anthologies
o
r
collections
of
literary
w
orks
must
be
acknowledged
not
o
nly
b
y
author
,
but
also
b
y
the
name
of
the
collector
.
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
C
ONTD
...
(v
i)
R
e
garding second-hand quotations
reference
The documentation should be
handled as follows:
1.
Original author and
title;
2.
"quoted or cited in,";
3.
Second author
and work.
Example
J.F
. Jones,
Life in Ploynesia
, p. 16, quoted in
History
of the
P
a
cific
Ocean area
, by R.B.
Abel, p. 191.
(v
ii)
Case of
multiple authorship
If
there
are
more
than
two
authors
or
editors,
then
the
n
ame
o
f
the
first
is
given
and
the
m
ultiple
authorship
is
indicated
b
y
"et
al."
or
"and
o
thers"
.
By Anu
Priya
M.E.,(Ph.D)
7. Abbreviations
Certain
English and Latin
abbreviations are
quite
often used in bibliographies
and footnotes
to
eliminate tedious
repetition
.
anon.,
anonymous
ante.,
before
art., article
aug., augmented
bk., book
bull., bulletin
cf
., compare
ch.,
chapter
col.,
column
diss., dissertation
ed.,
editor
, edition, edited.
ed. cit.,
edition cited
e.g.,
exempli gratia: for example
eng., enlarged
et.al., and
others
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
P
RECAUTIONS
FOR
W
RITING
RESEARCH
REPORTS
Length of R
eport
--long
enough to cover the subject
but
short enough to
maintain interest.
Should
not
be dull, but should sustain
interest.
Conve
y
simply
.
A
void technical jargon.
Provide ready availability of
findings
W
ell thought out layout
Free from grammatical mistak
es
Present
logical analysis of subject.
Show
Originality
, Be
an attempt
to solve a problem
mak
e
a forecast
of the
probable
future
of the
subject
concerned
Appendix for all technical data
Bibliography is must
Index is essential
Good appearance
Clearly state objectives,
nature of
the problem, methods
employed,
and
the analysis
techniques.
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
INDEXING JOURNALS
To
be
recognized
as
an
authoritative,
h
igh
q
uality
source
of
information,
a
journal
must
be
widely
available.
Indexing
and
abstracting
services
facilitate
broadest
dissemination
of
information
b
y
pointing
researchers
to
articles
that
are
rele
vant
to
the
field.
Once
the
journal
is
launched
and
h
as
a
track
record
of
timely
publication
and
solid
content,
it
is
appropriate
to
contact
indexing
and
abstracting
services
for
consideration.
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
IMPACT FACTOR
Impact
factor
is
a
m
easure
with
which
an
average
article
in
a
journal
has
been
cited
in
a
period
of
time.
The
impact
factor
for
a
journal
is
calculated
based
o
n
a
three
year
p
eriod,
and
can
be
considered
to
be
the
average
number
of
times
published
p
apers
are
cited
in
a
particular
year
for
the
number
of
articles
published
in
preceding
two
years.
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
I
MPACT
F
ACTOR
C
ALCULATION
Calculating the
2009
Journal Impact factor for the
journal
JNICHE
=
Number of times articles or other
items published in
JNICHE
during
2007-2
008 were cited in indexed journals during 2
009
-
Number
of "citable" articles published in
NICHE
in 2
008 and
2007
That is:
Cites in 2
009 to
items published
in 2
008 + 2
007 = 9533 + 12
554 = 2
208
7
Number of items published
in
JNICHE in
2008 + 2
007 = 343 + 366
= 709
Impact
=
Ci
tes to recent
it
ems
...
22
08
7
=
31.152
Factor
Number of recent
it
ems publ
is
hed...
709
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
I
MPACT
F
ACTOR
C
ALCULATION
A=
the
n
umber
o
f
times
articles
published
in
2009-10
w
ere
cited
in
indexed
journals
during
20
11.
B=the
n
umber
of
articles,
reviews,
proceedings
o
r
n
otes
p
ublished
in
2009-2
010.
Impact
Factor
20
11
=
A
/B
(
W
ill
be
published
in
20
12
.)
By Anu
Priya M.E.,(Ph.D)
SCIENCE CITATION INDEX
Index
factor
is
a
product
o
f
Institute
of
Scientific
Information(ISI)
of
Philadelphia,
an
independent
non-
governmental
p
rivate
company
.
This
has
a
database
which
lists
the
content
o
f
scientific
journals
published
w
orld
wide.
They
calculate
the
number
of
citation
of
each
p
aper
within
data
base
receives
from
other
p
apers
w
ith
in
the
database.
A
p
aper
which
receives
m
ore
citation
is
valued
m
ore.
These
d
ata
are
p
ublished
as
S
cience
Citation
Index
(SCI).
The
value
of
individual
journals
can
b
e
seen
b
y
reviewing
this
bibliographic
d
ata.
Excerpt out of 43 pages
- Quote paper
- Anu Priya (Author), 2015, A study of Research Report Writing, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/293914
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