The impact of waste dump in Uwguaji Enugu Metropolis

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE Introduction--
1.1 Causes of Soil and Water Pollution in Ugwuaji
1.2 Industries are to be Blamed for some of the Biggest Soil and Water Pollution Disasters

Chapter two Methodology
2.1 Primary Source of Information
2.2 Laboratory Analysis
2.3 Secondary Source of Information

CHAPTER THREE Result
3.1 Soil Sample Analysis
3.2 Factor Loading Plot Oxide of Elements in the Soil of Ugwuaji Dump Site
3.2.1 Factor
3.2.2 Factor Analysis
3.3 Water Samples Analysis
3.4 Bacteriological Analysis of Water and Waste Water
3.5 Presumptive Coli Form Count
3.6 For Waste Water
3.7 The Plate Count
3.7.1 Water Sample
3.7.2 Dilution Factor-
3.8 Result for Differential Identification of the Organism Isolated
3.8.1 Test
a) Citrate Utilization Test
b) Coagulate Tests
c) Indole Test
3.9 Interpretation of the Signs Used
3.10 Biochemistry and Morphology of Each
3.11 The Organism Isolate Form
a) Proteus Spp
b) Salmonella Spp
c) For the Demonstration of H2S Production

CHAPTER FOUR Discussion
4.1 Impact of Waste Dump on Soil of Ugwuaji
4.2 Bio Accumulation-
4.3 Bio Magnification or Amplification
4.4 Spatial Concentration of Heavy Metals
4.4.1 Location 3
4.4.2 Location 1
4.4.3 Location 4
4.4.4 Location 2
4.4.5 Location 5
4.6 Impact of Waste Dump on the Water of Ugwuaji

CHAPTER 5 Recommendation--
5.1 Total Excavation of the Existing Waste
5.2 Prevention of Soil and Water Pollution
5.3 Provision of Alternative Landfill
5.4 Treatment of Soil Pollution
5.5 Man Power
5.6 Provision of Facilities

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION

REFEFENCES

LIST OF PLATES

PLATE 1: Maize Farm, Waste Item for Recycling and Stagnant Water

PLATE 2: Waste Dump inside Water Channel

PLATE 3: Huge Waste Dump on the Soil-

PLATE 4: Contaminated Soil and Water from the Drain--

PLATE 5: Access Road is covered by Huge Waste

PLATE6: Channels Created by Flood

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE 1: Microorganism and Diseases they Cause--

ABSTRACT

Soil and water are vital for our life, health and well being. But the waste generated from human activities can be hazardous, toxic and even lethal to these two substances because of the high potential it has to contaminate them. The hazardous and toxic parts of waste from different types of human establishments comprising infectious, bio-medical and radio-active material constitute a grave risk, if these are allowed to get mixed with soil and water when it is not properly disposed. Its propensity to encourage growth of various pathogen and vectors and its ability to contaminate other nonhazardous/ non-toxic municipal waste jeopardizes the efforts undertaken for overall municipal waste management.

This why research light took us to Ugwuaji dump site located in Enugu-Port Harcourt Express Way. The purpose is to collect soil and water sample for laboratory analysis which will help decipher the impact of waste dump in the soil and water by finding out the concentration of different types of heavy metals in the soil and microbial load of the water.

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

One estimate shows that some 5.2 million people (including 4 million children) die each year from waste-related diseases. Globally, the amount of municipal waste generated will double by the year 2000 and quadruple by year 2025” ( Akter et. al. 1999). Concerned with this situation Agenda 21, adopted in the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janerio in June, 1992, set the following goals and targets with regard to waste management in cities:

All countries must establish waste treatment and disposal criteria and develop the ability to monitor the environmental impact of waste by the year 2000.

By 2025, developing countries should ensure that at least half of the sewage, wastewater and solid waste are disposed according to national and international guidelines.

By 2025, all countries shall dispose of all waste according to international quality guidelines. But unfortunately to this

Soil pollution results from the buildup of contaminants, toxic compounds, radioactive materials, salts, chemicals and cancer-causing agents. The most common soil pollutants are hydrocarbons, heavy metals (cadmium, lead, chromium, copper, zinc, mercury and arsenic), herbicides, pesticides, oils, tars, PCBsandioxins.

Until the 1970s, there was little talk of soil pollution and its devastating effects. In the 1980s, the U.S. Superfund was created to set guidelines for the handling of hazardous material and soil contamination cleanup. Today there are more than 200,000 sites awaiting EPA soil cleanup, which is very expensive and labor-intensive work. Even a small cleanup project can cost $10,000, while larger areas require millions of dollars to clean it up for future use ( Agarwal 1998) Although water covers over 75 percent of the total surface of the earth (lakes, rivers, seas and oceans) it is not readily available for use by man. For instance the United Nations (2000) estimates that about 1.5 billion people worldwide lack access to safe drinking water. Most countries in the developing world belong in this category. In fact 45 countries, mostly in Africa and the Middle East have serious water stress (where consumption exceeds 20 per cent of available supply) problems. For example, in Mali over 85 percent, and in Ethiopia, 90 per cent of the population lacks clean water. Countries with these shortages and deprivations have been referred to as “water-poor countries’ due to the fact that the available annual rainfall is too minimal to effectively attain recharge and replenishment of available water storage and supplies. They include Kuwait, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Malta, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Moldavia, Israel and Oman. In Kuwait for instance, rain vary scarcely falls and she has to import nearly all her needs or depend on desalination, which is a highly expensive undertaking. On the other hand, Iceland, Surinam, Guyana, Papua New Guinea, Gabon, Solomon Islands, Canada, Norway, Panama, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Zaire, Russia and Brazil are categorized as “water-rich countries” due to the fact that they have very high annual precipitation levels, and large annual water supplies accompanied by large land areas. The situation is worse in rural areas where generally only about 20 percent of the inhabitant have access to safe clean water. A great percentage of most countries’ populations rely to a large extent on ground water (sometimes better referred to, and appropriately too, as underground water). In Canada for instance, over 26 percent of the population (6 million, in 1992) depend on ground water for their substance .Ground water exists almost everywhere under the earth’s, and it is therefore not confined to only a few channels and depressions as surface water is confined in streams, rivers and lake basins Underground, it is found in rock and soil crevices, pore spaces cracks, and occurs most often within 100 meters from the ground surface. Ground water occurs also within aquifers (a formation of permeable rock or loose material that can produce large quantity of are when tapped by a well), that could be smell, only a few hectares in area dimension, or large and extending several thousands of square kilometers. In depth they might be only a few meters or several hundred or thousand meters deep. (Asaduzzaman and Hye, 1997).

When ground water is polluted, it is significant since in most instances, large sections of the population are affected. As itemized by Cherry (1992) ground water can be polluted through point or non-point sources . point sources include pollution from on-site septic systems, municipal landfills; leaks, leaky or spills from tanks, pipelines, sewer lines, graveyards, highways, sewage, underground injection wells and wells for the disposal of waste etc.

1.1 CAUSES OF SOIL AND WATER POLLUTION IN UGWUAJI

Pollutant in solid waste from agricultural, domestic and industrial processes cause soil and water pollution. High levels of radio nuclides like nitrogen and phosphorus leachete from the waste dump can be found surrounding farm centers, leaving lasting effects. Heavy metals can arrive in the soil, surface water and ground water by polluted water from waste dump.

1.2 INDUSTRIES ARE TO BLAME FOR SOME OF THE BIGGEST SOIL AND WATER POLLUTION DISASTERS.

Heavy metals come from iron, steel, power and chemical manufacturing plants that recklessly use the Earth as a dumping ground for their refuse. people that burn their waste on-site are guilty of releasing heavy metals into the atmosphere, which come to settle in the soil, thus leaving behind lasting effects for years to come. Even companies that try to dispose of their waste properly contribute to the problem when faulty landfills and bursting underground bins leach undesirable toxins into the soil and water (BAN & HCWH. 1999).

Chapter two METHODOLOGY

Soil samples were collected with shovel and put in side polythene bag with labels on it. Water sample was collected with two sterile testubes.

2.1 PRIMARY SOURCE OF INFORMATION

Soil and water samples will be collected at Ugwuaji dump site; it is located along Enugu- Port Harcourt express way. It was meant to be a sanitary dump site for Enugu Metropolis, but reckless and improper waste disposal has turn the place in to an open dump with an inherent environmental problem.

2.2 LABORATORY ANANLYSIS

To test for the heavy metal in the soil and microbe content in the water, soil samples were collected in five locations within the dump site and water samples were collected in two locations within the dump site. These samples were taken to laboratory for analysis.

2.3 SECONDARY SOURCE OF INFORMATION.

To argument the data collected from the field for this research work. Information will be sourced from text book, internet etc.

CHAPTER THREE RESULT

The laboratory result for various location of the soil and water samples are enumerated below.

3.1 SOIL SAMPLE ANALYSIS

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3.2 FACTOR LOADING PLOT OXIDE OF ELEMENTS IN THE SOIL OF UGWUAJI DUMP SITE

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3.2.1 FACTOR

VARIABLE AS CD FE HG PB/MISSING/ANALYSIS AS CD FE HG PB

PRINT INTITAL CORRELATION SIG DET KMO INV REPRE AIC EXTRACTION ROTATION FS CORE .

PLOT ROTATION CRITERIA MINELGEN (1) ITERATE (25)

EXTRACTION PC

CRITERIA ITERATES(25)

ROTATION VARIMAX

SAVE REG (ALL)

METHOD = COVARIANCE

3.2.2 FACTOR ANALYSIS

Correlation matrix

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Covariance matrix (a,b)

A determinant = 0.00

B the matrix is not positive definite.

Communities

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Extraction method: principal component analysis

Total variance explained

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